• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-25
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Yanghyuljanggeungunbo-tang(Yangxuezhuangjinjianbu-tang, YGKT) and electrical acupuncture treatment in spinal cord injury(SCI)-induced rats. Methods : The subjects were divided into 5 groups ; Normal, Control-no treatment after SCI, Experimental I(Exp. I)-taken with YGKT 500 mg/kg $0.5m{\ell}$ daily after SCI. Experimental II(Exp. II)-taken with electrical acupuncture after SCI and Experimental III(Exp. III)-taken with YGKT 500 mg/kg $0.5m{\ell}$ and electrical acupuncture after SCI. After each operation, the present author observed cytological changes, the motor behavior recovery and nerve regeneration by analysis of the motor behavior tests, EMG, hematological(AST, ALT, WBC), histological and immunological changes. Rats were tested by Motor behavior test at 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day. Results : 1. All the experimental groups were improved compared with control group in the motor behavior tests including Tarlov test, Basso-Beattle-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale, modified inclined plane test, open field test, grid walk test and narrow beam test. Especially Exp. III was significantly improved among other groups. 2. In EMG test, H and M wave were significantly increased in Exp. III. 3. All the experimental groups were significantly decreased compared with control group in AST, ALT and WBC. 4. NGF, BDNF and Trk B of spinal cord gray matter in all the experimental groups were increased compared with control group. Especially, Exp. III was more effective. 5. In histological observations, muscle contraction and denaturation of gastrocnemius muscle of all the experimental groups were inhibited. Especially, those of Exp. III was more effective. On the observations of liver and kidney, cell atrophy and apoptosis of all the experimental groups were decreased compared with control group. Especially, those of Exp. III was more effective. Conclusions : It can be suggested that YGKT and electrical acupuncture may improve motor behavior, EMG, hematological, histological and immunological findings in SCI-induced rats. Especially, combination of these two treatments will be somewhat better in spinal nerve recovery and motor function improvement.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.123-140
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• 1985

Variation in the facial pattern and effect of the rotational jaw growth on the facial proportion were studied in serial cephalometric radiographs of 40 Korean children (25 boys, 15 girls) ranging in age from 6 to 13 years. According to Y-axis (N-S-Gn) growth change during the 7 years of period, the subject who had exhibited 'wave-like' manner of Y-axis growth change within ${\pm}\;2^{\circ}$ was classified to the Parallelwise group and the subject who had exhibited Y-axis increase more than $+2^{\circ}$ was classified to the Clockwise rotation group and the subject who had exhibited Y-axis decrease more than $-2^{\circ}$ was classified to the Counterclockwise rotation group. For the comparison of each group, a total of 22 morphologic variables were employed and the data were analyzed by means of computer morphometrics and statistical methods. On the basis of the finding of this study, the following trends were established. 1. The Parallelwise group was $75\%$, the Clockwise rotation group was $12.5\%$ and the Counter-clockwise rotation group was $12.5\%$. 2. The growth pattern of cranial base was related to the rotation of mandible. 9. Maxillary prognathism was occured in the Counterclockwise rotation group and the rotation of palatal plane was occured in the Clockwise rotation group. 4. Mandibular prognathism was occured in the Parallelwise and the Counterclockwise rotation groups, especially in the Counterclockwise rotation group. 5. The degree of maxillo-mandibular divergency was constant in the Clockwise rotation group but decreased in the Counterclockwise rotation and the Parallelwise groups, especially in the Counterclockwise group. 6. There were no differences in the size of the anterior upper facial height (N-ANS) and the posterior lower facial height ((Go-Me)-PNS) but there were differences in the size of the anterior lower facial height (ANS-Me) and the posterior upper facial height ((S-N)-PNS) between each group. 7. The growth increment and the size of the facial depth was not related to the growth pattern of the face but the growth increment and the size of the facial height was related to the growth pattern of the face. 8. Proportional change due to the facial growth rotation was concentrated in the anterior lower face. 9. The most apparent difference between each group was happened in the size of the posterior cranial base (S-Ba) and the facial length (S-Gn).

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.270-278
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• 2020

In this paper, sound transmission of Micro-Perforated Plates (MPPs) installed in an impedance tube with a circular cross-section is described using an analytic method. Vibration of the plates is expressed in terms of an infinite series of modal functions, where modal function in the radial direction is given by the Bessel function. Under the plane wave assumption, a low frequency approximation is derived, and a formula for the sound transmission coefficient of multi-layered MPPs is presented using the transfer matrix method. The Sound Transmission Losses (STLs) of single and double MPPs are computed using the proposed method and compared with those done by the Finite Element Method (FEM), which shows an excellent agreement. As the perforation increases, the STL is degraded, since the STL becomes dominated by the perforation ratio rather than by vibration of the plate. The STL shows dips at natural frequencies as well as at the mass-spring-mass resonance frequency. The proposed model for the STL prediction in this study can be applied to an arbitrary number of MPPs, where each MPP may or may not have a perforation.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.206-210
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• 2008

According to the recent reports the bulk bcc Rh is ferromagnetic with a small difference of energy compared to paramagnetic state. In this study, the electronic structure and magnetism for bcc Rh(001) surface are investigated by means of the all-electron full potential linearized augmented plane wave method within the generalized gradient approximation. It is found that the surface ferromagnetic state is preferable over the paramagnetic one. For unrelaxed system, the magnetic moment of the surface layer, $0.48{\mu}B$, is slightly increased comparing with the bulk value, $0.41{\mu}B$ while the value of the subsurface layer, $0.23{\mu}B$, is much smaller than the bulk value. The total energy and atomic force calculations show that the surface layer is relaxed downward and the subsurface layer moves upward to reduce the layer distance between the surface and subsurface layers by 7.0 %. The relaxation effect leads to weakening the surface magnetic properties. Specifically, the value of the magnetic moment of the surface atom is decreased to $0.36{\mu}B$. Since the spin polarization of the subsurface layer is only $0.14{\mu}B$, it is concluded that the bcc Rh(001) surface is rather weakly ferromagnetic.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2010

Essentials of understanding the geochemical evolution and geophysical processes in Earth's system are macroscopic properties and atomistic (and electronic) structures of Earth materials. Recent advances in quantum calculations based on the density functional theory allow us to unveil the previously unknown details of local atomic structures in diverse silicates in Earth's interior. Here, we report the O K-edge ELNES (energy-loss near-edge structure; ELNES) spectra and PLDOS (partial local density of states) for oxygen atoms in ${\alpha}$-quartz and stishovite using the quantum calculations based on FP-LAPW (full potential linearized augmented plane wave). The calculated O K-edge ELNES spectrum of ${\alpha}$-quartz shows a strong peak at ~538 eV due to comer-sharing oxygen linking two $SiO_4$ tetrahedra and that for stishovite shows two distinct peaks at ~537 and ~543 eV corresponding to edge-sharing oxygen linking $SiO_6$ octahedra. The significant differences in spectral features of O K-edge ELNES spectra suggest that the O K-edge features can be useful indicator to distinguish various oxygen sites in diverse crystal and amorphous silicates in the Earth's interior.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.754-763
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• 2002

This paper discusses the improved power performances of the size-reduced amplifier using defected ground structure (DGS). The slow-wave effect and enlarged electrical length occur due to the additional equivalent circuit elements of DGS. Using these properties, it is possible to reduce the length of transmission lines in order to keep the same original electrical lengths by inserting DGS on the ground plane. The matching and performances of the amplifier are preserved even after DGS patterns have been inserted. While there is no loss in the size-reduced transmission lines at the operating frequency, but there exists loss to some extent at harmonic frequencies. This leads to the more excellent inherent capability of harmonic rejection of the size-reduced amplifier. Therefore, it is expected tile harmonics of the size-reduced amplifier are smaller than those of the original amplifier. The measured second harmonic, third order intermodulation distortion (IMD3), and adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) of the size-reduced amplifier are smaller than those of the original amplifier by 5 dB, 2~6 dB, and 1~4 dB, respectively, as expectation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.475-486
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• 2009

The geological survey of the Mokdo island is for the fist time conduted in Korea history. The island had erupted before $70{\sim}80$ million years as a strato-volcano. The original volcano had been dissected for long periods up to the skeletal stage through the planeze stage. If the island area is surveyed afterwrds in detail, the position of crater is available to be found, either. The coastal terrace is found at 50m level in Mokdo island which is correlated to its fourth plane. The microgeomorphological features as coastal terrace, cliff, sea cave, wave-cut bench, sea stacks, notch, and tafoni, etc. were described. The Mogdo island is located off Molundae at the extension of Nagdong Jeongmaeg(낙동정맥 洛東正脈) showing a "floating turtle". The name of Mogdo island is needed to change to the "Yoo-goo-do" which means the swimming turtle. The Mokdo island is as suitable tourist attraction for if has enough touism sesouccesein sea. The deuelopsment of coartal sightseeing anound lighthoure and uninhabited islands will hare an impontant effect upon construction of the oceanic capitol city of Busan Haabor. The master plan built up an arboretum on the island, a coastal oceanarium, a seaweeds garden under sea coast, and other oceanic culture-spaces is completed in the study.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

Pd has the highest magnetic susceptibility among single element metals and often shows ferromagnetism under some special environments. In this paper, we report magnetism of 5- and 9-monolayers (ML) calculated by using full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method. Exchange-correlation interaction is taken into account in local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and calculational results in LDA and GGA are compared with each other. It is found that calculations by LDA are more reliable compared to those by GGA because LDA prediction of paramagnetism of bulk Pd is consistent with experiments, whereas GGA predicts wrongly ferromagnetim of bulk Pd. Calculational results in LDA on a 5-ML Pd(111) thin film shows a ferromagnetic ground state unlike a paramagnetic ground state of bulk Pd. The center Pd layer of the 5-ML Pd(111) thin film has the largest magnetic moment ($0.273{\mu}_B$) among the layers and |m| = 1 orbital states play a dominant role in stabilizing the ferromagnetism of the 5-ML Pd(111) thin film. A 9-ML Pd(111) thin film in a ferromagnetic state has almost the same total energy as in a paramagnetic state. Since the magnetization of the 9-ML Pd(111) thin film is stable, the ferromagnetic state may be meta-stable.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.131-135
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• 2008

The electronic structures, magnetism, and half-metallicity of the full-Heusler $Co_2TiSn$(001) surfaces have been investigated by using the all-electron full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method within the generalized gradient approximation. We have considered both of the Co atoms terminated(Co-term) and the TiSn atoms terminated(TiSn-term) surfaces. From the calculated density of states, we found that the half-metallicity was destroyed at the surface of the Co-term, while the half-metallicity was retained at the TiSn-term. For the surface of the Co-term, due to the reduced coordination number the occupied minority d-states were shifted to high energy regions and that cross the Fermi level, thus destroy the surface half-metallicity. On the other hand the surface states at the surface of the TiSn-term were located just below the Fermi level, which reduces the minority spin-gap with respect to that of the center layer. The calculated magnetic moment of the surface Co atom for the Co-term was increased by 10 % to 1.16 ${\mu}_B$ with respect to that of the inner-layers, while the magnetic moment of the subsurface Co atom in the TiSn-term has almost same value of the innerlayers(1.03 ${\mu}_B$).

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.464-470
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• 2009

For the investigation of the oxidation behavior for titanium metal at various temperatures, titanium specimens were heated for 2 hours in the range of $300{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$, individually. And then X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic analyses were carried out. At $300^{\circ}C$, infrared absorption bands on the surface of the titanium specimen were shown in a spectrum by the oxygen uptake of titanium metal(hexagonal). At increased temperature, not only infrared absorption bands but also X-ray diffraction peaks for the titanium oxide were grown and shifted to low wave number ($cm^{-1}$) and angle($^{\circ}$) due to the more oxygen diffusion into titanium metal. At $700^{\circ}C$, $Ti_3O$ (hexagonal phase) was identified by X-ray diffractometer. $TiO_2$ (rutile, tetragonal phase) layer was produced on the surface of the specimen below $1{\mu}m$ in thickness at $600^{\circ}C$, and grown about $2{\mu}m$ at $700^{\circ}C$ and with $110{\mu}m$ in thickness at $1000^{\circ}C$. Above $900^{\circ}C$, (110) plane of the crystal on the surface of rutile-$TiO_2$ layer was grown.