• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제50권10호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2013

인간의 청각은 청각 장면 분석을 통해 배경 잡음이나 여러 사람들이 동시에 말하는 상황에서도 특정 목적을 가지는 음성 신호를 청취할 수 있는 능력을 가지고 있다. 인간의 청각 능력 시스템을 잘 반영한 CASA 시스템을 이용해 음성을 분리를 할 수 있다. 그러나 CASA 세그먼트에서 음성의 위치를 잘못 결정 했을 때 CASA 시스템의 성능은 감소된다. 본 논문에서는 CASA 시스템에서 잘못된 음성 영역 위치로 인해 발생되는 성능 감소를 개선하기 위하여 청각 장면, 그리고 주기 성분과 비주기 성분의 비율(PAR)을 결합한 음성 영역 검출 알고리즘을 제안한다. 음성 영역 검출의 성능을 평가하기 위하여 백색 잡음과 자동차 잡음 환경에서 신호 대 잡음비의 변화에 따라 실험을 수행하였다. 본 논문에서는 신호 대 잡음비 15~0dB에서 기존의 알고리즘(Pitch 와 Guoning Hu)과 제안한 알고리즘을 비교한 결과, 음성 영역 검출의 정확도가 백색잡음과 자동차 잡음에서 신호 대 잡음비 15dB 에서 최대 4%, 0dB에서 최대 34% 씩 각각 향상되었다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.616-624
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 사각채널내에 주유속 방향에 가로지르게 배치된 반원 리브의 난류 유동에 대한 유동 특성과 열전달 증대에 관해 수치해석적으로 살펴보았다. 사각채널의 종횡비는 5이고, 수력직경 대비 리브 높이비는 0.07, 사각채널 높이 대비 리브 높이비는 0.117로서 리브 높이 대비 리브 피치비가 8~14인 리브를 주기적으로 배열하여 연구를 수행하였다. 난류 모델의 선정은 실제 현상과 근접한 벽 근처 유동 특성과 열전달을 위해 SST k-${\omega}$ 난류 모델과 v2-f 난류 모델을 이용하였다. 수치해석의 결과는 실험에 의 해 관찰된 난류 유동 특성, 열전달 및 마찰계수의 결과를 잘 예측함을 보여준다. 본 결과에서 난류 운동 에너지가 재순환류 영역의 확산과 밀접한 관련이 있음을 알 수 있고 v2-f 난류 모델이 SST k-${\omega}$ 난류 모델에 비해 실험결과를 더 잘 예측하였다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2013

This paper deals with the resonant type of a WEC (wave energy converter) and the determination method of its geometric parameters which were obtained to construct the robust and optimal structure, respectively. In detail, the optimization problem is formulated with the constraints composed of the response surfaces which stand for the resonance period(heave, pitch) and the meta center height of the buoy. Use of a signal-to-noise ratio calculated from normalized multi-objective results with the weight factor can help to select the robust design level. In order to get the sample data set, the motion responses of the power buoy were analyzed using the BEM (boundary element method)-based commercial code. Also, the optimization result is compared with a robust design for a feasibility study. Finally, the power efficiency of the WEC with the optimum design variables is estimated as the captured wave ratio resulting from absorbed power which mainly related to PTO (power take off) damping. It could be said that the resultant of the WEC design is the economical optimal design which satisfy the given constraints.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.737-746
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• 2005

The present study investigates heat/mass transfer and flow characteristics in a ribbed rotating passage with turning region. The duct has an aspect ratio (W/H) of 0.5 and a hydraulic diameter ($D_h$) of 26.67 mm. Rib turbulators are attached in the cross arrangement on the leading and trailing surfaces of the passage. The ribs have a rectangular cross section of $2\;mm\;(e){\times}\;mm\;(w)$ and an attack angle of $70^{\circ}$. The pitch-to-rib height ratio (p/e) is 7.5, and the rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio ($e/D_h$) is 0.075. The rotation number ranges from 0.0 to 0.20 while the Reynolds number is constant at 10,000. To verify the heat/mass transfer augmentation, internal flow structures are calculated for the same conditions using a commercial code FLUENT 6.1. The heat transfer data of the smooth duct for various Ro numbers agree well with not only the McAdams correlation but also the previous studies. The cross-rib turbulators significantly enhance heat/mass transfer in the passage by disturbing the main flow near the surfaces and generating one asymmetric cell of secondary flow skewing along the ribs. Because the secondary flow is induced in the first-pass and turning region, heat/mass transfer discrepancy is observed in the second-pass even for the stationary case. When the passage rotates, heat/mass transfer and flow phenomena change. Especially, the effect of rotation is more dominant than the effect of the ribs at the higher rotation number in the upstream of the second-pass.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.911-920
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• 2005

The present study investigates heat/mass transfer and flow characteristics in a ribbed rotating passage with turning region. The duct has an aspect ratio (W/H) of 0.5 and a hydraulic diameter ($D_h$) of 26.67 mm. Rib turbulators are attached in the parallel arrangement on the leading and trailing surfaces of the passage. The ribs have a rectangular cross section of 2 m (e) $\times$ 3 m (w) and an attack angle of $70^{\circ}$. The pitch-to-rib height ratio (p/e) is 7.5, and the rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (e/$D_h$) is 0.075. The rotation number ranges from 0.0 to 0.20 while the Reynolds number is constant at 10,000. To verify the heat/mass transfer augmentation, internal flow structures are calculated for the same conditions using a commercial code FLUENT 6.1. The results show that a pair of vortex cells are generated due to the symmetric geometry of the rib arrangement, and heat/mass transfer is augmented up to $Sh/Sh_0=2.9$ averagely, which is higher than that of the cross-ribbed case presented in the previous study for the stationary case. With the passage rotation, the main flow in the first-pass deflects toward the trailing surface and the heat transfer is enhanced on the trailing surface. In the second-pass, the flow enlarges the vortex cell close to the leading surface, and the small vortex cell on the trailing surface side contracts to disappear as the passage rotates faster. At the highest rotation number ($R_O=0.20$), the turn-induced single vortex cell becomes identical regardless of the rib configuration so that similar local heat/mass transfer distributions are observed in the fuming region for the cross- and parallel-ribbed case.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.58-76
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• 1994

Heat transfer and pressure drop measurements are made on low integral-fin tubes in turbulent water flow condition. The integral-fin tubes investigated in this paper are nominally 19mm in diameter. Eight tubes have been used with trapezoidally shaped integral-fins having fin density from 748 to 1654 fpm and 10, 30 grooves. Plain tube having same diameter as finned tube is also tested for comparison. Experiments are carried out using R-11 as working fluid. The refrigerant condensates at a saturation state of $30^{\circ}C$ on the outside tube surface cooled by coolant. The amount of noncondensable gases present in the test loop is reduced to a negligible value by repeated purging. For a given heat input to the boiler and given cooling water flow rate, all test data are taken on steady state. The heat transfer loop is used for testing single long tubes and cooling water is pumped from a storage tank through filters and flowmeters to the horizontal test section where it is heated by steam condensing on the outside of the tube. The pressure drop across the test section is measured by means of pressure gauge and manometer. Each tube tested is cleaned with sodium dichromate pickling solution and well rinsed with water prior to installation in the test section. The results obtained in this study is as follows : 1. Based on inside diameter and nominal inside area, heat transfer of finned tube is enhanced up to 4 times as that of a plain tube at constant Reynolds number and up to 2 times at constant pumping power. 2. Friction factors are up to 1.6~2.1 times those of plain tube. 3. At a given Reynolds number, Nusselt number decrease with increasing pitch to diameter. 4. The constant pumping power ratio for low integral-fin tubes increase directly with the effective area to the nominal area ratio, and with the effective area diameter ratio.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.43-55
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• 2015

This paper presents the thermal hydraulic performance of a three dimensional rib-roughened solar air heater (SAH) duct with the one principal wall subjected to uniform heat flux. The SAH duct has aspect ratio of 12.0 and the Reynolds number ranges from 2000 to 12000. The roughness has relative rib height of 0.045, ratio of dimple depth to print diameter of 0.5 and rib pitch ratio of 8.0. The flow attack angle is varied from $35^{\circ}$ to $70^{\circ}$. Various turbulent flow models are used for the heat transfer and fluid flow analysis and their results are compared with the experimental results for smooth surfaces. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results based on the renormalization k-epsilon model are in better outcomes compared with the experimental data. This model is used to calculate heat transfer and fluid flow in SAH duct with the compound roughness of V-shaped ribs and dimples. The overall thermal performance based on equal pumping power is found to be the highest (2.18) for flow attack angle of $55^{\circ}$. The thermo-hydraulic performance for V-pattern shaped ribs combined with dimple ribs is higher than that for dimple rib shape and V-pattern rib shape air duct.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2013

This paper considers the steering characteristics of a four-row tracked vehicle crawling on extremely cohesive soft soil, where each side is composed of two parallel tracks. The four-row tracked vehicle (FRTV) is assumed to be a rigid body with 6-DOF. A dynamic analysis program for the tracked vehicle is developed using the Newmark-${\beta}$ method based on an incremental-iterative scheme. A terra-mechanics model of an extremely cohesive soft soil is implemented in the form of the relationships of the normal pressure to the sinkage, the shear resistance to the shear displacement, and the dynamic sinkage to the shear displacement. In order to investigate the steering characteristics of the four-row tracked vehicle, a series of dynamic simulations is conducted with respect to the distance between the left and right tracks (pitch), steering ratios, driving velocity, reference track velocity, lengths of the tracks, and properties of the cohesive soft soil. Through these numerical simulations, the possibility of using a kinematic steering ratio is explored.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2001

5인치 실리콘 기판위에 수 회 코팅기술을 이용하여 두꺼운 감광막을 얻은 후, 전기도금 법으로 솔더범프를 형성하고, 비아크기의 변화에 따른 리플로 전과, 후의 솔더범프 형성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 리플로 전의 범프바닥 (bump bottom) 직경은 리플로 후에도 거의 변화가 없는 반면, 솔더범프 모양은 패턴된 비아직경 크기에 크게 의존했다. 비아직경이 클수록 높은 도금효율을 보였다. 비아직경이 작을수록 리플로 후의 범프는 리플로 전의 범프높이와 비교하여 크게 낮아졌지만, aspect ratio는 크다는 것을 알았다. 고밀도와 고aspect ratio를 갖는 범프를 얻기 위하여 비아직경과 범프피치를 줄여야하지만, 과도금 (overplating), 또는 리플로를 할 때 최인접 간 범프끼리 맞닿을 수 있기 때문에 최인접 간 범프거리 확보는 중요하다. 비아높이(film두께)를 높게 하여 과도금을 하지 않고 비아높이가지만 도금하여 과도금으로 인한 최인접 범프끼리의 맞닿음을 없애는 방법과 범프배열을 zig-zag로 하는 방법을 혼용하면 과도금, 또는 리플로를 할 때 최인접 범프 간에 맞닿는 문제는 어느 정도 해결할 수 있다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

원형 기둥의 나선철근은 축방향 철근의 위치 고정 및 좌굴방지와 코어콘크리트의 충분한 횡구속으로 기둥의 연성거동에 효과적인 역할을 한다. 각국은 기둥에 요구되는 연성을 확보하기 위하여 나선철근의 최소철근비를 제시하고 있다. ACI 318-14와 국내 콘크리트 구조설계 기준에서 제시하는 나선철근 최소철근비는 Richart et al.(1928)의 이론에 기초하여 개발되었으며 현재까지 사용되고 있다. 그러나 Richart et al.(1928)의 이론은 현대의 고강도 콘크리트, 고강도철근 그리고 나선철근의 배근조건 등의 영향을 고려하지 못한다. 이 연구에서는 나선철근으로 구속된 철근콘크리트 원형 기둥의 내력회복 및 연성증진에 요구되는 나선철근에 대한 수정 최소철근비 산정식을 제시한다. 수정 최소철근비 산정식은 콘크리트 압축강도, 나선철근 항복강도, 기둥의 단면적, 나선철근 배근간격, 나선철근 직경의 영향을 고려하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 재료강도 및 나선철근 최적비를 변수로 한 실험체의 일축 압축실험을 통하여 ACI 318-14에 제시하는 나선철근 최소철근비 산정식의 타당성을 검토하고, 그 결과를 토대로 나선철근 최소철근비 산정식의 수정방안을 고찰하였다.