• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.16-25
• /
• 2007

The purpose of the study is to analyse and classify the characteristics of Gongsanseong forest through phytosociological and quadrat method with 20 plot samples. In result, the forest was classified as Quercus acutissima community. The subcommunity was composed of Quercus aliena and Zelkova serrata. The average vegetation coverage of Quercus aliena subcommunity was upper tree layer (83%), lower tree layer (48%), shrub layer (39%), and herb layer (30%), while the average vegetation coverage of Zelkova serrata subcommunity was upper tree layer (76%), lower tree layer (52%), shrub layer (40%), and herb layer (45%). The order of importance value of the forest community with DBH 2cm above plants was Quercus acutissima (72.62), Quercus aliena (40.52), Prunus sargentii (19.81), Styrax japonica (19.39), Zelkova serrata (15.78), Robonia pseudoacacia (14.76), Quercus variabilis (13.83), Sorbus alnifolia (13.71), Platycarya strobilacea (10.74), Pinus densiflora (10.08), and Quercus serrata (9.31). According to breast diameter analysis results, it is expected that the importance value of Prunus sargentii and Zelkova serrata will be continuously increased while Quercus sp. is dominating the forest. With the result of ordination analysis, the relationship between the forest community and environmental factors could be affected by soil nutrition, moisture, and elevation etc.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.59 no.2
• /
• pp.83-91
• /
• 2020

We assessed efficacy of spraying pesticides from an unmanned helicopter to control two insect species, Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius, which are vectors of pine wood nematodes. Control efficacy of thiacloprid FL (33×), acetamiprid ME (33×), and flupyradifurone SL (33×) was determined by placing caged insects in the canopy of pine trees (Pinus sp). Water-sensitive paper was used to record the spray pattern of pesticide droplets and the degree of coverage; furthermore, we investigated peripheral scattering due to spraying. The three pesticides showed > 96% control efficacy against the targeted vectors, and pesticide droplet spray patterns were similar. Peripheral scattering was observed up to 20 m in front and 10 m to the left, right, and behind the targeted area. The coverage index of all the directions at 5 and 10 m distance was 6-7 and 2, respectively.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.24-30
• /
• 2005

To study the cultural characteristics and wood rotting ability of the secondary mycellia of Armillaria mellea, it was cultivated on the various media. The optimal mycelial growth condition was 20~27 and pH 5.0~6.5 on PDB. A. mellea grew well on MEA, PDA and GP. Lactose and mannitol as carbon sources and glutamic acid as nitrogen sources were found to be effective as additives. A. mellea employed in this study have the characteristics of white rot types. Pine and oak wood were selected as candidates for sawdust substrate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-20
• /
• 1975

F$\ddot{u}$r die Erforschllng der Variationen bei der Naturpopulationen der Pinus densifiora wurden drei Populationen aus Chuwangsan (Kyong-buk), Anmyondo (Chung-nam) und Odaesan (Kangwon) Ausgewiiblt. Bei je 20 Individuen jeder Population wurden die Variationen von der Eigenschaft der $\ddot{a}$usseren Gestalt, von der anatomischen und morphologischen Eigenschaft der Kiefernadel und von der Holzqualit$\ddot{a}$t an Bohrsp$\ddot{a}$nen untersucht. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchung konnte in den folgenden sechs Punkten formuliert werden. 1. Von den Eigenschaften der $\ddot{a}$usseren Gestalt ist die Geradheit des Baumstamms, der Durchmesser der Zweige und der Winkel der Verzweigung in der Odaesan Population wlinschenswerter als in anderen Populationen. 2. Es wird festgestellt, dass sich die drei Nadelmerkmale, Anzahl der Z$\ddot{a}$hne je 0.5 cm, Anzahl der Stomata-Reihen und Anzahl der Harzkan$\ddot{a}$le, sowohl zwischen den Populationen als auch zwischen den Individuen signignifikant unterscheiden. 3. Bei der Betrachtung des Harzkanal Index, der Schichtanzahl der Hypodermis und der Entfernung der Fibrovasalb$\ddot{u}$ndel wird aufgezeigt, dass sich alle drei gepr$\ddot{u}$ften Populationen geringf$\ddot{u}$gig von der normalen Kiefer unterscheiden. 4. Zwischen den Populationen ergibt sich ein Unterschied im Prozentanteil des Spatho lzes und im spezifischen Geswicht, jedoch zeigt die Breite der Jahresrings und die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge keinen Unterschied. Das spezifische Gewicht und die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge der Individuen jeder Population ist signifikant verschieden. 5. Bei dem Alter 11-20 ist der Prozentanteil des sp$\ddot{a}$tholzes am gr$\ddot{o}$ssten und wird aber danach immer geringer bis zum Alter 30; sp$\ddot{a}$ter zeigt sich dann keine sichtbare Ver$\ddot{a}$nderung mehr. Das spezifische Gewicht sich vergr$\ddot{o}$ssert bei der Zunahme des Jahresrings, nimmt aber dann in Anmyondo und Odaesan Populationen beim Alter 21-30 wieder ab. Die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge der drei Populationen besitzen die Neigung, sich nach der zunahme der Jahresringe zu vermehren. 6. Mit diesen hier behandelten Charakteren werden ganz allgemeinen die Unterschiede der drei Kiefer populationen festgestellt. Diese Ergebnisse sind sehr bemerkenswert betrachtet vom genetischen Gesichtspunkt der waldbaumpopulation.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.646-651
• /
• 2017

This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial activity of 70% ethanol and hot water extracts from different parts and essential oil in Pinus densiflora on skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus epiermidis, S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and Trichophyton rubrum. The antimicrobial activities of extracts and essential oil were tested by paper disc assay and minimum inhibitory concentration test. The ethanol extract of pine pollen showed antimicrobial activity against C. tropicalis and T. rubrum. Ethanol extract of pine needle and pine gnarl showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, C. tropicalis, and P. acnes. Essential oil from pine needle exhibited antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and P. acnes. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanol extracts of pine needle and pine gnarl against P. acnes and C. tropicalis ranged from 0.002% to 0.0063%. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (0.025%) against C. albicans and C. tropicalis was obtained from essential oil. These results indicate that ethanol extracts of pine pollen, pine needle, pine gnarl, and essential oil of pine needle could be applicable to control the skin infection pathogens. Especially, ethanol extract of pine gnarl had a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and pine extracts and essential oil exhibited higher antimicrobial activity with Candida sp. and P acnes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.239-246
• /
• 2015

Two fungal strains were isolated from rods of Quercus sp. (NAAS02335) and Pinus densiflora (NAAS05299) in Korea. These strains were identified as Gyrodontium sacchari by their morphological and mycological characteristics. The optimal growth temperature of NAAS02335 and NAAS05299 are $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Production of cellulase, xylanase, and ligninase was tested on agar media supplemented dyes or substrates. Production of cellulase and xylanase of NAAS05299 was higher than those of NAAS02335, however ligninase activity of NAAS02335 was higher than that of NAAS05299. The activities of cellulase, xylanase, and amylase of strain NAAS05299 were estimated at 6.7~10.2 times higher than that of NAAS02335. Laccase activity was only estimated by strain NAAS02335. The lignocellulytic enzymes are induced by substrates such as rice straw, wooden chips of pine, oak, and poplar. The NAAS05299 was able to degrade filter paper completely after 4 weeks of culturing in liquid media containing a piece of filter paper at $28^{\circ}C$ with continuous shaking. NAAS05299 was able to degrade rice straw, pine chips, and oak chips after 4 months in solid culture, however NAAS02335 decomposed only rice straw among tested 4 kinds of biomass.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.201-209
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to select proper species fur early stage replantation in forest road cut-slope. From one to fifteen years elapsed forest roads in four regional areas of Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeollanam-do, sample plots were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. Invaded species and plant coverage have increased with elapsed years. The occurrence rate of herbs have decreased, while the occurrence of trees have increased with elapsed years. The ordination analysis showed that distribution of species was influenced by the elapsed year, the slope angle of the cut-slope, elevation, and the direction angle of the cut-slope. Dactylis glomerata, Poa pratensis, Amorpha fruticosa, Lespedeza sp., Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Duchesnea chrysantha, Miscanthus sinensis, Pueraria thunbergiana, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rhus chinensis, and Weigela subsessilis were considered as proper species for replantation in forest road cut-slope, besides the species used already. Seventy seven family, 190 genus, 233 species, 38 variety, and 271 species in total were counted as invaded plant species in the survey zone. Naturalized plants were 18 species. Invaded species are, with high frequency first, Rubus crataegifolius, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Pueraria thunbergiana, Pinus densiflora, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lysimachia clethroides, Lespedeza bicolor, Youngia denticulata, Miscanthus sinensis, and Erigeron annuus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.1-20
• /
• 1972

The trend and achievements of forest genetics research in abroad were investigated through observation tours and reference work and following facts were found to be important aspects which should be adopted in the forest genetics research program in Korea. Because of world wide recognization on the urgency of taking a measure to reserve some areas of the representative forest type on the globe before the extingtion of such forest type as the results of continuous exploitations of the natural forests to meet the timber demand all over the world, it is urgently needed to take a measure to reserve certain areas of natural stand of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus parviflora, Pinus densiflora f. erectra, Abies koreana, Quercus sp., Populus sp., etc. as gene pool to be used for the future program of forest tree improvement. And the genetic studies of those natural forest of economic tree species are also to be performed. 1. Increase of the number of selected tree for breeding purpose. Because of the fact that the number of plus tree at present is too small to carry out selection program for tree improvement, particularly for the formation of source population for recurrent selection of parent trees of the 2nd generation seed orchard it is to be strongly emphasized to increase the number of plus tree by alleviating selection criteria in order to enlarge the population size of plus trees to make the selection program more efficient. 2. Progeny testing More stress should be placed on carrying out progeny testing of selected trees with open pollinated seeds. And particular efforts are to be made for conducting studies on adult/juvenile correlation of important traits with a view to enable to predict adult performances with some traits revealed in juvenile age thus to save time for progeny testing. 3. Genotype-environment interaction Studies on genotype and environment interaction should be conducted in order to elucidate whether the plus trees selected on the good site express their superiority on the poor site or not and how the environment affect the genotype. And the justification of present classification of seed distribution area should be examined. 4. Seed orchard of broad leaf tree species. Due to the difficulty of accurate comparison of growth rate of neighbouring trees of broad leaf tree species in natural stand, it is recommended that for the improvement of broad leaf trees a seedling seed orchard is to be made by roguing the progeny test plantation planted densely with control pollinated seedlings of selected trees. 5. Breeding for insect resistant varieties. In the light of the fact that the resistant characteristics against insect such as pine gall midge (Thiecodiplosis japonensis U. et I.) and pine bark beetle (Myelophilus pinipera L.) are highly correlated with the amount and quality of resin which are known as gene controlled characteristics, breeding for insect resistance should be carried out. 6. Breeding for timber properties. With the tree species for pulp wood in particular, emphasis should be placed upon breeding for high specific gravity of timber. 7. Introduction of Cryptomeria and Japanese Cypress In the light of the fact that the major clones of Cryptomeria are originated from Yoshino source and are being planted up to considerably north and high elevation in Japan, those species should be examined on their cold resistance in Korea by planting them in further northern part of the country.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.355-366
• /
• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of water quality and the patterns of self-purification with season in Gokneung stream. The vegetation in the ecosystem around Gokneung stream was dominated by Quercus species. In the physicochemical analysis based on the contents of DO, BOD, conductivity and total phosphorus, the upstream seemed to have been polluted, but the downstream was self-purified. In biological investigation by bentic macroinvertebrates, the result was similar to that in the physicochemical analysis. The self-purification constant based on BOD of the upstream, 1.013, was the highest. In the self-purification constants with month, that of September was 0.995 and that of January was 0.272. These results indicated that the self purification capacities of spring and autumn were larger than those of winter and summer in Gokneung stream.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.416-424
• /
• 2015

Pinosylvin is a stilbenoid found in the Pinus species. Pinosylvin at ~pM to ~nM concentrations induces cell proliferation, cell migration and anti-inflammatory activity in endothelial cells. However, it was recently reported that pinosylvin at high concentrations (50 to 100 μM) induces cell death in bovine aortic endothelial cells. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments to discover how pinosylvin at a high concentration (50 μM) induces endothelial cell death. Pinosylvin at the high concentration was shown to induce endothelial cell apoptosis through enhancing caspase-3 activity, flip-flop of phosphatidyl serine, and nuclear fragmentation. We found that pinosylvin at the high concentration additively increased caspase-3 activity enhanced by serum-starvation or treatment with 100 μM etoposide. We also determined that pinosylvin at the high concentration promoted activations of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS). We further ran a series of experiments to find out which signaling molecule plays a critical role in the pinosylvin-induced apoptosis. We finally found that SP-600125, a JNK inhibitor, had an inhibitory effect on the pinosylvin-induced endothelial cell death, but L-NAME, an eNOS inhibitor, had no effect. These data indicate that JNK is involved in the pinosylvin-induced apoptosis. Collectively, pinosylvin at high doses induces cell apoptosis via JNK activation.