• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2008

Radial and vertical variations of relative crystallinity and crystallite width of cellulose within stems of three softwoods (Pinus densiflora S. et Z., P. koraiensis S. et Z, P. rigida Mill.) grown in Korea were examined by an X-ray diffraction method. The mean of relative crystallinity was 61.7% in P. koraiensis, 60.6% in P. densiflora and 49.4% in P. rigida. The degree of crystallinity in earlywood and latewood increased with the age from pith to about 10~15 years, and then remained almost constant value. The relative crystallinitiy of latewood was slightly higher than that of earlywood. The relative crystallinity in P. densiflora was a little lower at the base of stem, but no significant difference by height was shown in P. koraiensis and P. rigida. The crystallite widths in the stems were 2.8 to 3.0 nm, but were not significantly different in earlywood and latewood by height. In conclusion, the relative crystallinity appeared to be a useful index for separating juvenile wood from adult wood in the softwoods of P. densiflora, P. koraiensis, and P. rigida grown in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 1990

Toxic effert of water extract from leaves of Pinus rigida and some phenolic compounds on the seeds germination of Raphanus sativus var. hortensis for. acanthiformis Makino has been studied. There was little difference of germination percentage among the pH value of leaf extract (pH3~9). The germination percentage drastically with increased concentration level of leaf extract at about 60 percent. Seeds gemination of Raphanus sativus var. hortensis for. acanthiformis Makino inhibited severely by caffeic acid, ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid at M, but the germination percentage was higher than that of the control group in vanillic acid. In electrophoresis, there was no differences at earlier seedling stage of protein band between allelochemical treated and non-treated group, but in late stage, two protein band near 58kd and 27kd did not appeared in the toxic affected group. In case of caffeic acid treatment, two protein band near 58kd and 27kd did not found at late stage too.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.215-220
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• 2008

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the applications of plant-based extracts to both cosmetic and medicinal industries. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect of P. rigida extracts by water and ethyl acetate. Anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effect of P. rigida extracts by water and EtOAc were investigated by using nitrite scavenging ability, nitric oxide production and anti-microbial ability. In the test of nitrite scavenging ability, P. rigida extracts by water and EtOAc showed 88.7% and 99% at 100 ppm concentration, respectively. The cell viability was measured using the MTT assay at 24 hours after P. rigida extracts as shown in over 80%. Anti-inflammatory effect was examined in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. NO productions in LPS and P. rigida extracts stimulated group were decreased in a concentration and were dependent on time as compared with LPS stimulated. The water extracts showed the highest inhibition at the 100 ppm concentration. In anti-microbial activity test, the water extract with 3.0 mg/disc resulted in the clear zone of 14 mm, and ethyl acetate with that of 15 mm for Staphylococcus aureus. However, P. rigida extracts didn't show any growth inhibitory effect on Esherichia coli. These results indicate that the extracts of P. rigida have anti-inflammatory activities as a cosmeceuticals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1973

In this survey, to estimate volume growth of pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill) stand, diameter growth was estimated. Among 223 sample trees, the number of rejected trees was 12, about 5 percent of total sample trees. The stand showed uniform growth and rejected trees included insect-damaged trees. Compared with reports made on forest classification basis, pitch pine a single species showed faster growth. Minimum, average and maximum value of D.B.H and mean annual diameter growth, of 16 year old pitch pine stand, were as follow. The correlation of each factors estimated by 9590 of confidence interval is shown in the table of correlation as bellow.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 1986

Allozyme study on a small pitch pine stand originating and expanded rather rapidly from a few founder trees indicated that the colonization of the pitch pine population was made progressively from the place where the founder trees located to another by moving in cohorts of seeds from a limited number of family or genetically closely related family groups in line with the succeeding generations. This pattern of migration and colonization resulted marked differences in allelic and genotypic frequencies at many of the allozyme loci between the initially colonized subpopulation on the south-facing slope and the lately colonized subpopulation on north-facing slope of a hill. It appeared that gene fixation due to inbreeding and genetic drift occurred at some loci in the pitch pine population or subpopulations. However, even in t 1e inbreeding small pitch pine population or subpopulations, a comparatively large amount of genetic diversity or heterozygosity was maintained due to the high levels of gene recombination at many of the gene loci and natural selections favoring for heterozygotes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.53-66
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• 1987

Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et. Z.) and pitch pine(Pinus rigida Mill) $5{\times}10cm$ dimension lumber were dried in a kiln providing a cross-circulation velocity of 5 m/sec at dry-and wet-bulb temperatures of 116 and $71^{\circ}C$, followed by 3 hours at 91 and $85^{\circ}C$. Compared to dimension lumber dried lumber were as follows. 1. To dry to 10 percent moisture content, the high-temperatures schedule of Korean red pine and pitch pine lumber took less than one seventh the time required by the conventional kiln drying schedule. 2. High-temperature drying rate and conventional drying rate to 10 percent moisture content of Korean red pine lumber were 2.75 and 0.35%/hr, and those of pitch pine lumber were 3.38 and 0.46%/hr respectively. 3. Compared to lumber of both species on conventional schedule, moisture gradient of high-temperature lumber was greater. 4. Compared to lumber on conventional schedule, maximum surface checking of high-temperature lumber of both species was severer, and maximum end checking of high-temperature lumber of both species was similar to that of lumber on conventional schedule. 5. Compard to lumber on conventional schedule, Korean red pine lumber dried at high temperature showed more honeycombing, but pitch pine lumber dried at high-temperature showed significantly slighter honeycombing. 6. Compared to lumber on conventional schedule, the high-temperature lumber showed less warping lumber of both species. 7. Collapse and casehardening of Korean red pine and pitch pine lumber on both scheules were slight.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.104-108
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• 2002

Nail withdrawal tests were conducted on clear wood of domestic small diameter logs. Nails were driven into the cross and longitudinal sections of each specimen, then nail withdrawal tests were performed. Nail withdrawal loads are strongly dependent on the direction of nail positions. The average load values for the nail withdrawal both in cross section and longitudinal section are higher in high specific gravity (SG) wood of sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carr.) than those in low SG wood of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.). The average ratio of the nail withdrawal loads for side-grain and end-grain are higher in the low SG wood than that in the high SG of wood. Both linear and non-linear regression analyses were conducted on nail withdrawal load with SG, good correlations were obtained between nail withdrawal load and SG.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.66-76
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• 1982

Soil harness represents such physical properties as porosity, amount of water, bulk density and soil texture. It is very important to know the mechanical properties of soil as well as the chemical in order to research the fundamental phenomena in the growth and the distribution of tree roots. The writer intended to grip soil hardness by soil layer and also to grasp the root distribution and the correlation between soil hardness and the root distribution of Pinus riguda Mill. planted on the denuded hillside with sooding works by soil layer on soil profile. The site investigated is situated at Peongchang-ri 13, Kocksung county, Chon-nam Province. The area is consisted of 3.63 ha having on elevation of 167.5-207.5 m. Soil texture is sandy loam and parant rock in granite. Average slope of the area is $17^{\circ}-30^{\circ}$. Soil moisture condition is dry. Main exposure of the area is NW or SW. The total number of plots investigated was 24 plots. It divided into two groups by direction each 12 plots in NW and SW and divided into three groups by the position of mountain plots in foot of mountain, in hillside, and in summit of mountain, respectively. Each sampling tree was selected as specimen by purposive sampling and soil profile was made at the downward distance of 50cm form the sampling tree at each plot. Soil hardness, soil layer surveying, root distribution of the tree and vegetation were measured and investigated at the each plot. The soil hardness measured by the Yamanaka Soil Hardness Tester in mm unit. the results are as follows: 1) Soil hardness increases gradually in conformity with the increment of soil depth. The average soil indicator hardness by soil layer are as follows: 14.6mm in I - soil layer (0-10cm in depth from soil surface), 16.2mm in II - soil layer (10-20cm), 17.2 in III - soil layer (20-30cm), 18.3mm in IV - soil layer(30-40cm), 19.8mm in V - soil layer (4.50mm). 2) The tree roots (less than 20mm in diameter) distribute more in the surface layer than in the subsoil layer and decrease gradually according to the increment of soil depth. The ratio of the root distribution can be illustrated by comparing with each of five soil layers from surface to subsoil layer as follows: I - soil layer; 31%, II - soil layer; 26%, III - soil layer; 18%, IV - soil layer; 12%, V - soil layer; 13%, 3) Soil hardness and tree root distribution (less than 20mm in diameter) of Pinus rigida Mill. correlate negatively each other; the more soil hardness increases, the most root distribution decreases. The correlation coefficients between soil hardness and distribution of tree roots by soil layer are as follows: I - soil layer; -0.3675 (at the 10% significance level), II - soil layer; -0.5299 (at the 1% significance level), III - soil layer; -0.5573 (at the 2% significance level), IV - soil layer; -0.6922 (at the 5% significance level), V - soil layer; -0.7325 (at the 2% significance level). 4) the most suitable range of soil hardness for the growth of Pinus rigida Mill is the range of 12-14.9mm in soil indicator hardness. In this range of soil indicator hardness, the root distribution of this tree amounts to 41.8% in spite of 33% in soil harness and under the 20.9mm of soil indicator hardness, the distribution amounts to 93.2% in spite of 82% in soil hardness. Judging from above facts, the roots of Pinus rigida can easily grow within the soil condition of 20.9mm in soil indicator hardness. 5) The soil layers are classified by their depths from the surface soil.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.8-19
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• 1989

The proportion of imported wood has been now over 80% of raw materials needed in the wood industry, and therefore, many of studies on the substitution of domestic wood for imported wood and on the increasing the utilization rate of domestic species have been attempted and considered as very important projects to solve. But these trials were practically restricted by several disadvantages of domestic species. such as a small diameter, variety of species, and irregularity of wood physical or chemical characteristics, etc. From a this point of view, this study was carried out to investigate solid wood bending properties of sample trees and then to develop their end uses. The species of sample trees were Pinus densiflora S. et Z., Pinus rigida Mill., and Larix leptolepis Gord. which have large growing stocks but Pinus rigida and Larix leptolepis have not been used well because of their poor qualities. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The optimum conditions for solid wood bending processing of Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida, and Larix leptolepis are showed in Table 6. 2. The minimum solid-bending radii of Pinus densifjora, Pinus rigida, and Larix ieptolepls were 260mm, 240mm, and 300mm, respectively in steaming treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.6-9
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• 2000

Chemical components such as vitamins, fatty acids, amino acids and rutins in the leaves of the Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc., Pinus rigida Mill., Pinus thunbergii Parl. were analyzed. The vitamin A content in the P. densiflora and vitamin C content in the P. thunbergii were obtained more than the others. Oleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid and lauric acid were the major fatty acids among 19 fatty acids detected in 4 kinds of pinus leaves and the only essential fatty acid of linolenic acid was also identified. The major amino acids were glutamic acid, leucine, arginine and aspartic acid among 17 kinds of amino acids detected in the pinus leaves and the amount of essential amino acids was 47.6% in P. densiflora. The highest amount of rutin was 10.34% in P. thunbergii.