• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.398-406
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• 2013

Afforestation/reforestation (A/R) clean development mechanism (CDM) is the only forestry-based activities allowed under the Kyoto protocol. This study was conducted to develop a methodology to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) removals of a small scale A/R CDM pilot project in Goseong, Gangwon Province, Korea. AR-AMS0001 was applied as a methodology and selected tree species were Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, and Betula platyphylla for total area of 75.0 ha. To improve the accuracy on the GHG removals estimation, selection of the baseline scenario and carbon pools and stratification of the project site were conducted. Based on the developed methodology, net anthropogenic GHG removals were estimated as actual net GHG removals, subtracted by baseline net greenhouse gas removals and leakage. As a result, anthropogenic GHG removals of the project were 12,415 ton $CO_2-e$ and 165.5 ton $CO_2-e/ha$. This project is the first A/R CDM in domestic site and could enhance the technical accuracy of the GHG removals estimation by using countryspecific data reflecting the site condition.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.119-129
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• 1999

The bryophyte communities on the forest floor of the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forest and the evergreen coniferous forest of cool temperate and subalpine zones in Mts. Taebaek, Odae and Sulak of Tabaek Range were investigated from. the numerical and phytosociological viewpoints. As a result, four bryophyte communities were recognized there, considering the species composition of vascular vegetation; A. Thuja koraiensis-Abies nephrolepis/Taxus caespitosa-Pinus pumila/Hylocomium splendens-Pleurozium schreberi community, B: Sasamorpha borealis-Abies nephrolepis/Plagiomnium cuspidatum- Aulacomnium heterostichum community, C. Abies holophylla-Abies nephrolepis/Thuidium recognitum-Trachycystis immarginata cristatus community, D. Meehania urticifolia-Abies nephrolepis/Hylocomiopsis ovicarpa-Taxiphyllum aomoriense community. Among these, the community A was distributed in higher altitudes and characterized by the species group of the holarctic elements, e.g. Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum majus, etc. limited in subarctic; subalpine and arctic; alpine zones and was confirmed as synusies of the Thujo-Abietetum nephrolepidis Song 1991 and Taxo-Pinetum pumilae Song 1985 belonging the Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. 1939. In contrast the communities B, C and D were distributed in the mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forest of lower altitudes and characterized by the elements of the cool temperate; montane zone. They were confirmed as synusies belonging to the Corylo-Quercetum mongolicae Song 1988. By the result of the numerical syntaxonomical analysis such as cluster analysis, interspecific association, PCA, the communities were largely divided into the two types. The two types coincided with the community units or the diagnostic species of the bryophyte communities of the subalpine zone and the montane zone, respectively. Also the analysis revealed that the division of the above two forest zones are justifiable. Up to date many investigator have described the coniferous forest distibuted above 1000m in Taebaek mountains as the forest vegetation of subalpine zone. However, from the results of the present study, the boundary of the mixed forest and the true subalpine coniferous forest was elucidated to be ca. 1,500 m phytosociologically. Species richness was the highest in the community A, and the other four communities showed a similar species richness.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 2005

Cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis crispa) is an edible mushroom that shows remarkably high contents of $1,3-{\beta}-D-glucan$ compared to other edible mushrooms. The mushroom is known to give high antitumor and immunologic activities, thus the mushroom is recently cultivated in Japan and Korea. However, cultivation methods are being kept in secret or under patents by some companies with complicated procedures. This study was conducted to solve the problem by providing a simple method for the cultivation of cauliflower mushroom. We could produce the mushroom using sawdust-based media of Larix leptolepis, Pinus densiflora and P. koraiensis with addition of barley flours and sugar. The ratio of the sawdust : barley flours : sugar used for this study was 80:20:3 in dry-weight base, and the water content was adjusted as 65%. The productivity was somewhat different among the species of sawdust media and the strains of Sparassis crispa for the cultivation, and the mushroom production reached up to 177g from 650g base(productivity : 27%). Thus, this medium is strongly recommended as a practical cultivation method for cauliflower mushroom. By the way, further study for the determination of adequate concentration of barley flour and the selection of proper strain for each sawdust species is needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.630-633
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• 2000

The damage by the black-tipped sawfly, Acantholyda posticalis posticalis, has been increasing all over the area of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)stands in Korean peninsula. This study was conducted to provide basic information for the management and control of this pest by investigating the feeding quantity of pine needles during the larval stage. The results were summarized as follows : The total needles damaged in the larval stage of the black-tipped sawfly were 9,584mm in length on an average and those of female and male were 11,774mm and 7,394mm, respectively. The total length ingested actually was 7,797mm and it was equivalent to 81.4% of the total length damaged. Early larval stage showed a little feeding and it was equivalent to 17% of total quantity. On the contrary, the feeding quantity in late larval stages of fourth and fifth instars amounted to 83%. The number of the frass excreted per larva was about 1,160, and the difference between male and female was not showed, whereas it showed remarkable difference among larval instars.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 1987

Infection rate of the blister rust was investigated with special reference to the effect of eight stand factors at 221 plots selected from 131 Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis S. et Z,) stands, and the data were analyzed by multivariated statistical analysis. Environmental factors such as the density of Pedicularis spp., alternate hosts of the Korean pine blister rust, altitude, stand age, aspect, and pruning treatment, from the highest to the lowest were found to be related to the occurrence of the rust disease, Density of Pedicularis spp, was the most closely related to the' infection rate than any other factors, Especially, Pedicularis spp. growing naturally inside the pine stand had an important effect on the infection rate, but those on the outside more than 100m away had little effects, The higher the elevation, the heavier the infection rate. Infection was the heaviest at the altitudes of above 1,000m with high relative humidity and cool temperature. Infection rate was severe in young stands below 10 years old and had a reducing tendency as they mature. Stands above 16 years old were more resistant. The infection rate by the aspect of stand was higher at E- NE and W -SW exposures than at S-SE and N -NW. The infection rate at non-pruning stands was higher than at pruning stands with the lowest branch being at least 60cm high from the ground.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.753-763
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• 2015

To identify the overall status of vegetation in the nine ridges of the Jeongmaeks located in South Korea, the types of forest vegetation were analyzed with focus on the names of the plant communities that appeared in each Jeongmaek. The vegetation investigation data for the entire mountain ranges were used for quantitative analysis (TWINSPAN, DCA), thereby classifying the plant communities and understanding the structures and characteristics of the vegetation. Upon review of the ratios of the number of plant communities by each ridge of the Jeongmaeks, a relatively larger number of communities were found to be dominated by deciduous oak trees in the Honam and Nakdong Jeongmaek. In addition, the ratios of communities where deciduous oak trees and deciduous broad-leaved trees appeared were higher in the Hannam-geumbuk, Nakdong, Honam, Geumnam-honam, Geumnam and Geumbuk Jeongmaeks. On the other hand, Naknam, Hannam, and Hanbuk Jeongmaeks were shown to have the type of forest vegetation in which the ratio of artificial forests was high. According to the results of the quantitative analysis, eight communities were grouped as follows: Celtis sinensis-Mallotus japonicus, Deciduous oak, Pinus thunbergii-P. rigida, Quercus mongolica-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-broad-leaved deciduous and Q. mongolica-P. koraiensis communities. The typical forest vegetations in the Jeongmaeks were the Q. mongolica-dominant community, the P. densiflora-dominant community, and the deciduous oak-dominant community.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.208-219
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• 2020

Forest thinning brought the large variation to forest ecosystem including environment and animal. Our study was result of long-term monitoring for ground-dwelling arthropod communities after thinning in forest ecosystem. In this study, we conducted field study on plantation forest in Chuncheon, Korea in 2018, and compared with previous study data (2006 and 2008). We found that the effect of thinning was still existent 10 years later from thinning with difference of habitat environment(depth of ground organic matter, coverage rate of ground vegetation and canopy). And ground-dwelling arthropod communities showed changes of abundance and taxa at the study area and thinning conditions. Ground-dwelling arthropod communities in 2018 were dominant in the order of Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera (Insecta), Araneae (Arachnida) and Collembola (Collembola). Among the conditions of thinning, Araneae (Arachnida), Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (Insecta) showed amount of abundance in heavy thinning. And Collembola (Collembola) and Diptera (Insecta) were most common in area of light thinning. In 2018 ground-dwelling arthropod communities, abundance of Diptera and Coleoptera (Insecta) and Isopoda (Crustacea) were decreased although Hemiptera and Orthoptera (Insecta) were increased than 2008 arthropod communities. Arthropod communities in 2018 were more similar with those in 2008 (after thinning) than with those in 2006 (before thinning).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

Recently, the visual grading rule of Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI) was revised and it is necessary to investigate the distribution characteristics of visual graded lumber in accordance with the revised rule. Therefore, in this study, the distribution characteristics of bending strength was investigated with revised visual grading rule and changed prior rule, respectively. The size of specimens was $38{\times}140{\times}3,000$ (mm) and the species were $Larix$ $kaempferi$ and $Pinus$ $koraiensis$. The moisture content was under 18% and the specimens were tested in accordance with ASTM D-198. The number of No. 1 and 2 grades, suitable for structural lumber, was increased when the revised visual grading rule was applied. Moreover, the revised rule was more effective to distinguish sharply between No. 1 and 2 grades and below No. 3 grade. Meanwhile, the lower 5% exclusion limit and allowable stresses were generally decreased when revised visual grading rule had been applied. However, the announcement of Korea Forest Service, tested with small clear specimen, was much lower than the allowable stresses of this test, tested with structural lumber. Therefore, the revision of allowable design values should be considered for more exact use and effective structural design.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 1988

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of shading pretreatment and planting density on the periodic needle leaves growth in fresh and dry weight. 1. The fresh and dry weight growth of needle leaves per seedlings increased with light intensity and decreased with increase of density. The best growth of needle leaves in fresh weight and dry weight appeared during the period from May to June. 2. The contribution rates to the growth of fresh and dry weight of needle leaves were 1.9% and 5.1% in light intensity, 3.6% and 3.2% in density and 83.7% and 75.6% in growth period, respectively. 3. For the three factors, shading, density and growth period, all the interactions between any two factors, and among the three factors in the fresh and dry weight growth of leaves per plant were significant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1734-1741
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine the effects of adding phytoncide oil extracted from Korean pine nut cone by-product to the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and compositions, fatty acid characteristics, complete blood count and stress response. A total of 74 Holstein cows were used for 30 days and divided into two groups. Each group was given a basal diet (C) or an experimental diet containing phytoncide additives at 0.016% (T) in feed. The results showed that phytoncide feeding had no effect on milk yield. In addition, there were no observed effects on milk composition, but the ratio of fatty acid in milk was significantly affected by the phytoncide diet, and it showed a positive effect. Not only were the major functional fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid increased, but also ${\omega}6:{\omega}3$ fatty acid ratio was reduced in milk of T group (p<0.05). In blood analysis, the complete blood count showed no significant difference between C and T group on all parameters. However, the cortisol concentration was significantly decreased in T group compared to control (p<0.05). Taken together, we suggest that phytoncide oil does not have a great influence on the physiological changes, but can be a potential feed additive that improves the milk fatty acid and stress resilience in dairy cows. In addition, it will contribute to the development of feed resource, a reduction in feed cost and a lessening of environmental pollution.