• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.543-553
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• 2021

This research focused on the investigation of isoprene and terpene emissions from 30 major urban tree species. We conducted sampling using a specific dynamic enclosure system between August and September 2020. Seedlings less than three years old were enclosed in a chamber consisting of a 400 L transparent Tedlar bag. The air-flows from the chamber's outlet were sampled using Tenax-filled sorbent tubes in the presence of standard conditions (temperature: 30℃, PAR: 1,000 μmol/m²/sec). A thermal desorption GC/MS system was used to analyze 38 BVOC compounds (isoprene, monoterpene, sesquiterpene, oxygenated monoterpene, and sesquiterpene). Isoprene emitters included Phyllostachys bambusoides, Quercus serrata, Daphniphyllum macropodum, and Buxus Koreana. Monoterpene emitters included Pinus rigida, Acer pictum subsp. mono, Larix kaempfer, Magnolia denudata, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora, and Abies holophylla. The monoterpene emission profiles were dominated by α-pinene, myrcene, limonene, β-pinen, and sabinene, while caryophyllene and farnesene were the prominent sesquiterpenes. Predominant oxygenated monoterpene compounds were also discovered as pulegone, borneol, menthol, eucalyptol, and nerol, while caryophyllene oxide were the prominent oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes had relatively lower contributions for all species.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.177-188
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• 2013

In this research, forest cover distribution change, forest volume and carbon stock in Yongin-city, Gyeonggi procince were estimated focused on the forest of Yongin-City using forest type map and HyTAG model in relation to climate change. Present forest volume of Yongin-city was estimated using the data from $5^{th}$ Forest Type Map and Korean National Forest Inventory (NFI). And for the future 100 years potential forest distribution by 10-year interval were estimated using HyTAG model. Forest volume was also calculated using algebraic differences form of the growth model. According to the $5^{th}$ Forest Type Map, present needleleaf forest occupied 37.8% and broadleaf forest 62.2% of forest area. And the forest cover distribution after 30 years would be changed to 0.13% of needleleaf forest and 99.97% of broadleaf forest. Finally, 60 years later, whole forest of Yongin-city would be covered by broad-leaf forest. Also the current forest carbon stocks was measured 1,773,862 tC(56.79 tC/ha) and future carbon stocks after 50 years was predicted to 4,432,351 tC(141.90 tC/ha) by HyTAG model. The carbon stocks after 100 years later was 6,884,063 tC (220.40 tC/ha). According to the HyTAG model prediction, Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, Pinus rigida, and Pinus densiflora are not suitable to the future climate of 10-year, 30-year, 30-year, and 50-year later respectively. All Quercus spp. was predicted to be suitable to the future climate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.27-43
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• 2019

This study applied the LANDIS-II model to the forest vegetation of the study area in Yeongdong-gun, Korea to identify climate effects on ecosystems of forest vegetation. The main purpose of the study is to examine the long-term changes in forest aboveground biomass(AGB) under three different climate change scenarios; The baseline climate scenario is to maintain the current climate condition; the RCP 4.5 scenario is a stabilization scenario to employ of technologies and strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions; the RCP 8.5 scenario is increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time representative with 936ppm of $CO_2$ concentration by 2100. The vegetation survey and tree-ring analysis were conducted to work out the initial vegetation maps and data for operation of the LANDIS model. Six types of forest vegetation communities were found including Quercus mongolica - Pinus densiflora community, Quercus mongolica community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Quercus acutissima community, Larix leptolepis afforestation and Pinus koraiensis afforestation. As for changes in total AGB under three climate change scenarios, it was found that RCP 4.5 scenario featured the highest rate of increase in AGB whereas RCP 8.5 scenario yielded the lowest rate of increase. These results suggest that moderately elevated temperatures and $CO_2$ concentrations helped the biomass flourish as photosynthesis and water use efficiency increased, but huge increase in temperature ($above+4.0^{\circ}C$) has resulted in the increased respiration with increasing temperature. Consequently, Species productivity(Biomass) of trees decrease as the temperature is elevated drastically. It has been confirmed that the dominant species in all scenarios was Quercus mongolica. Like the trends shown in the changes of total AGB, it revealed the biggest increase in the AGB of Quercus mongolica under the RCP 4.5 scenario. AGB of Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis decreased in the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios after 2050 but have much higher growth rates of the AGB starting from 2050 under the baseline scenario. Under all scenarios, the AGB of coniferous species was eventually perished in 2100. In particular they were extinguished in early stages of the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. This is because of natural selection of communities by successions and the failure to adapt to climate change. The results of the study could be expected to be effectively utilized to predict changes of the forest ecosystems due to climate change and to be used as basic data for establishing strategies for adaptation climate changes and the management plans for forest vegetation restoration in ecological restoration fields.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2004

Two kinds of chemicals (RNF-3 and RNF-4) with high anti-mold effectiveness against stored fungi causing fungal discoloration was selected from among the six kinds of fluoride-based chemicals in the preceding study. In this study, the anti-mold test using 16 species fungi isolated from the softwood lumbers which were fungal discolored and field test in the sawmill was carried out to prove the feasibility for practical using of selected chemicals.For the isolated fungi, the RNF-3 consist of F and Cu showed high mycelial growth control in the PDA medium and fungicidal effectiveness in the japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata) when the concentration was 2% or more. However the RNF-4 consist of F only was not effective compared with RNF-3 because of mycelial growth in the PDA medium and wood treated with 2% or more chemical solution. The RNF-3 also showed a strong anti-mold effectiveness because there was no fungal discoloration for the radiata pine boards treated by 2% and 10 min. soaking in the field test. These results mean that RNF-3 can be used as domestic anti-stain chemicals for prevention of fungal discoloration of the softwood lumber

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 1983

This study dealts with the penetration of methyl methacrylate(MMA) monomer-solvent system into five Korean major tree species, especially the Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., Pinus densiflora S. et Z., Larix leptoiepis Gordon, Quercus serrata Thunb. and Betula platyphylla var japonica Hara. In this report I described the results of the interaction between wood and polymer loading by catalyst-heat polymerization. On the other hand the influence of penetration of polymer loading on dimensional stabilization on WPC of Pinus koraiensis by catalyst-heat polymerization was also investigated.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 1999

The relationship between floristic composition and soil environmental conditions was investigated in the forest vegetation of Mt. Paekun. The forest vegetation unit of Mt. Paekun was divided into six plant communities by Zurich-Montpellier method, such as Quercus mongelica community (Typical subcommunity, Rhododendron schlippenbaohii subcommunity), Q. variabilis community, Fraxinus rhynchophylla community, Pinus densiflora community, Larix Eeptolepis community and Pinus koraiensis community. Q. mongolica community group was distributed at the altitude over 500 meter, Q. variabilis and P. densiflora communities appeared on the southwestern slope at the altitudes of 600 ~ 700 m and 290 ~ 700 m. However, L. leptolepis and P. koraiensis plantation were distributed at lower altitude, on hillside or around homestead. The DBH class distribution of dominant species in each community showed that Q. mongolica had 10.9 individuals/a at 6~10 cm class, Q. variabilis 2.5 individuals/a at 11~15 cm class, P. densiflora 1.8 individuals/a at 26~30 cm class, F. rhynchophylla 3.3 individuals/a at 2~5 cm class, and L. leptolepis 5.9 individuals/a at 11~ 15 cm class. Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis communities showed a stable bell-shaped pattern of distribution. The contents of organic matters and soil water, and cation exchange capacity of the soil increased, and the pH decreased as the altitude gets higher increased altitude at the each communities. The contents of the soil water and organic matters of the forest soil collected in Q. mongolica community were in the 17.81% to 51.20% and 5.51% to 14.90%, respectively. These tendency is similar to the contents of N, P and K, but those of Ca, Mg, and CEC was lower than in other communities. Cation exchange capacity was suspected to be correlated to the pH. The hypothetical successional sere of the forest vegetation of Mt. Paekun is as follows: Pinus densiflora community longrightarrowQ. variabilis community longrightarrowQ. mongolica community.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 1981

Girth at breast height was measured to test skewness ($g_1$) and kurtosis ($g_2$) of frequency distribution of the basal area in terms of t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for a total of forty six monocultures within Sudong and Kwhangnung area in central part of Korean peninsula in 1979 and 1980. The monocultures are about 10 to 50 years old, and four kinds: Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, Abies holophylla and Pinus rigida. Most of the sample sizes per site were ranged 70 to 110 excluding 4 sites. The number of classes interval was based on Sturges rule for each monoculture and was ranged from 5 to 10. In Sudong the range of age(yr) and basal area (($cm^2$)/tree) of the monocultures were from 10 to 20 and from 27.60 to 383. for Kwhangnung they were from 15 to 47 and mostly 102.15 to 619.14, respectively. All 43 monocultures except 1 showed +$g_1$, which ranged from 0.3 to 2.2 except six sites. Of the total 46 sites, 23 sites showed significant +$g_1$ which includes about 10 year-old monoculture. The number of classes interval with significant positive skewness ranged from 6 to 9. The data suggest that intraspecific competition in terms of stand structure seems to appear from about 10 year-old monocultures, and it may even last to about 50 year-old one. Around 24 monocultures showed nonsignificant -$g_2$ except one. Most -$g_2$ ranged from -0.12 to -0.83. Around 20 monocltures showed positive $g_2$ ranging from +0.13 to +3.841. Of the 22 +$g_1$, majority of 11 were very highly significant. Of all monocultures only 5 showed significant result from Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Of the 4 species, Larix kaempferi seems to show density stress first then Abies holophylla, and Pinus koraiensis last. Data of this study indicate that adequate number of classes intervals and sample sizes for studying intraspecific competition in terms of basal area are 6 to 9 and 80 trees rather than 12 and 100 trees, respectively. It also suggests that most of the frequency distribution of basal area class are trimodal rather than bimodal under density stress. It is proposed that the leptokurtic distribution appears before normal distribution rather than direct change from platykurtic to normal distribution of basal area for selected stages in the development of stands.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.413-419
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• 2001

This study investigated pH values and EC changes of rainfall and stemflow were investigated for 5 tree species such as Pinus koraiensis, P. densiflora, Larix leptolepis, Quercus variabilis and Q. mongolica in the Experiment Forests, College of Forest Science, Kangwon National University. The results were as follows; 1. Mean month pH values of stemflow were much lower than those of rainfall. Among tree species, pH values of the coniferous such as P. densiflora, P. koraiensis and L. leptolepis were lower those of the deciduous such as Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis. Mean month pH values of stemflow ranged from 3.23 to 5.03 (average : 4.23) for P. koraiensis, 3.57 to 5.16 (average : 4.36) for P. densiflora, 3.41 to 6.69 (average : 4.45) for L. leptolepis, 3.86 to 6.11 (average : 4.70) for Q. variabilis and 4.39 to 6.13 (average : 5.18) for Q. mongolica. 2. Mean month EC of the coniferous species was 1.5 to 2 times higher than that of the deciduous species. Mean month EC of stemflow for P. koraiensis, P. densiflora, L. leptolepis, Q. variabilis and Q. mongolica was ranged from 29.0 to $946.5{\mu}S/cm$(average : $258.5{\mu}S/cm$), 18.6 to $907.5{\mu}S/cm$(average : $220.3{\mu}S/cm$), 27.0 to $918.0{\mu}S/cm$(average : $216.2{\mu}S/cm$), 16.5 to $301.6{\mu}S/cm$(average : $125.4{\mu}S/cm$) and $25.2{\sim}225.7{\mu}S/cm$(average : $101.5{\mu}S/cm$), respectively. 3. Average pH values and EC were highly variable according to season. Average pH values appeared lower in spring than those in summer and autumn, but EC appeared higher in spring than those lower in summer and autumn. 4. According to precipitation, there was little difference in and pH values of stemflow the coniferous and the deciduous showed low pH valuess in the case of less than 50mm precipitation. However, EC of stemflow showed a difference depending on the precipitation, and EC of the coniferous and the deciduous was high more than $100{\mu}S/cm$ at the precipitation of less than 50mm.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 2015

This study compares the wind stability of Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr., Pinus koraiensis Sie. & Zucc. and Abies holophylla Maxim. to understand and inform wind risk management of these plantation trees at Daegwallyeong, Korea. Temporary square plots of $20m{\times}20m$ ($400m^2$) were laid out, and DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) and height for trees greater than 10 cm in DBH were measured by species. A total of 15 plots with 5 plots each in L. kaempferi, P. koraiensis and A. holophylla stands were sampled at random. Among the species, A. holophylla and P. koraiensis have comparatively lower h/d (Height/DBH) ratios than L. kaempferi. These results indicate that the former two species are more wind firm than the latter species. About 9% of the L. kaempferi trees have higher h/d ratios than the critical threshold limit 80. These trees are vulnerable to wind damage and should be removed in the next thinning regime. The analysis of variance detected a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the h/d ratios and Gini coefficient indicating species differences and DBH size variation, respectively. Gini coefficient was 16.4% in A. holophylla, 15.9% in P. koraiensis and 14% in L. kaempferi stands indicating limited DBH size variation. Lower h/d ratios are attributed to thinning in these stands and tree morphological differences. To increase wind firmness, low thinning should concentrate to remove trees with the h/d ratio above 80 coinciding at the time of stand distinction phase. Forest managers and practitioners should measure and maintain h/d ratios of trees below the critical threshold limit of 80 through stand density management. Variable density thinning approach should be tested to increase tree DBH sizes of the even-aged stands.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1993

In the fall of 1992, growth characteristics and cone-bearing behaviour of crown top shoots were investigated on Pin us koraiensis trees, belonging to age class VII and IV, in the School Forests, College of Forestry, Kangwon National University to obtain basic information for the design of Korean pine cone harvesting machine. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The length of terminal main shoots and lateral shoots of the trees in age class IV was 27~56cm and 18~47cm, respectively, both of which were significantly higher than those of the trees in age class VII. 2. There was no significant difference between two age classes in the branching angle ($24{\sim}89^{\circ}$) of lateral shoots and in the diameter (10~30mm) of two-year-old main shoots. However, one-year-old terminal main shoots of age class IV showed the higher diameter (9~18mm) than those of age class VII. 3. Mean cone number per tree was 5, and mean fresh weight of cone was 272g. No significant difference was found in these traits between both age classes. 4. Cones, on an average, hung on the two-year-old main shoots 15cm above the basal ends in age class VII and 33cm above in age class IV. Both lengths are equivalent to one half and four fifths of the shoots, respectively. 5. The fresh weight range of crown-top shoots containing cones was 1.0~7.4kg.