• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.769-773
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• 1988

The needle oils of Pious rigida Mill and Pious densiflora Sieb & Zucc were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The major components of Pinus rigida were ${\alpha}-pinene$, 1-hexen-3-ol formate, sabinene, ${\beta}-pinene,\;{\alpha}-terpineol$ and ${\beta}-caryophyllene,\;{\alpha}-pinene$, bornyl acetate, ${\beta}-pinene$ and ${\beta}-hpellandrene$ were the major components fo Pious densiflora. Pious densiflora had sweeter and more greenish note than Pines rigida because the bornyl acetate content of Pious densiflora was about three times more than that of Pious rigida.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.216-225
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to explore the level of health status, burnout, and burden of primary family caregivers of the elderly in-patients, and to identify the relations among the factors. Method: The subjects were a total of 232 primary family caregivers of elderly in-patients at K and E Medical Center, and were surveyed from March 1 to April 10, 2007. Measures were a health status measuring tool based on CMI developed by Brodman et al. (1945), the burnout measuring tool developed by Pines et al. (1981), and the burden measuring tool revised by Jung, Soo-Jin (1998). Data were analyzed by SPSS-WIN 12.0. Results: Firstly, the mean of health status was 1.69, which means that they were mostly healthy, and the mean of burnout was 2.66, which means that they were a little burned out. The mean of burden was 2.71, which means that they were a little burdened. Second, there were high correlations between health status and burnout, between health status and burden, and between burnout and burden. Third, there were significant difference in health status and burnout according to sex and relationship, and in burden according to sex, education level and relationship. Conclusions: Nurses need to consider the characteristics, health status, burnout, and burden of primary family caregivers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.248-257
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• 2014

The objectives of this study were to identify the root plate dimension of wind-uprooted trees and to analyze the relationship among wind direction, aboveground and belowground properties of the trees. The root plates of 77 Japanese larches (Larix kaempferi) and 24 Korean pines (Pinus koraiensis), which were uprooted by a typhoon in 2012, in the Taehwa Experimental Forest of Seoul National University, Korea, were investigated. The results showed the root plate shape could be assumed to be an oval or a circle in above view, and half an ellipse in side view, respectively. Also, the number and surface area of individual roots in root plates were greater in uprooting direction than in non-uprooting direction. The results of correlation analyses between aboveground and belowground properties indicated DBH had more significant correlation with belowground properties than tree height. Finally, simple linear relationships were derived for significantly correlated tree aboveground and belowground properties.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.8 no.1 s.11
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• pp.16-22
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• 1999

Species of 741 charcoal samples, which were excavated from the dwelling sites of the bronze age $(about\;2500\~3100\;B.P)$ at Hyeonwha-ri, Pyungteak, Korea, were identified. Most of samples were deciduous oaks (Quercus spp.; $97.7\%$) and others were alders (Ainus spp.; $1.9\%$) and soft pines (Pinus spp.; $0.4\%$). Tree rings of nine largest samples were also examined. The numbers of annual rings were 8 to 36 and mean ring width was rather narrow $(0.65\~1.82\;mm)$. Most samples possessed pith and tylosis. The results indicate that logs 10 to IS cm diameter had been used for the poles of houses without further processing.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3 s.131
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• pp.64-71
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• 2005

In this study, we attempted to apply ultrasonic treatment for the preservative treatment of two softwood species, Korean pine and Japanese red pines to evaluate its effectiveness. Wood samples were submerged in oilborne preservative, copper naphthenate (NCU) and waterborne preservative, alkyl ammonium compound (AAC) and then treated with ultrasonic wave of 40 kHz, 400 W. After the treatment, the retention and penetration depth of these preservatives in the specimens were measured as a function of treatment time. Both the retention and penetration depth were continuously increased with increasing the treatment time up to 120 hours, where the retention reached about 95% by the application of AAC and the penetrating depth of 95% and 83% by the application of NCU, respectively for both species. The results of electronic microscopic observation showed that the improved retention capacity could be attributed to air deflation, wood extractive deflation working of ultrasonic wavelength, and destruction of wood pits which served as the pathway of preservatives. The results suggested that the use of ultrasonic treatment could be applied to thick wood veneers for the production of laminated wood products.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 1984

The purpose of this study was to define the relationship between the leadership style of head nurses and the burnout level of nurses by taking into consideration the factors which influence the level of burnout and which show how burnout varies according to the leadership style of lead nurses. The subjects of the survey were 355 ward nurses and their 48 head nurses working in five university hospitals in Seoul. The nurses were surveyed by means of a questionnaire from Sept. 22 though Sept. 29, 1983. The Leadership Scale devised by Fleishman, and modified by Lee, and the Burnout Scale developed by Pines et al, and adapted to the Korean situation by Peek, were used as a basis of ;his survey This researcher subjected the questionnaire to a pre-test and to an internal reliability consistency test through item analysis. For the purpose of analysis of the data, the general characteristics were set at Mean and the general characteristics of head nurses in relation to the level of burnout of nurses was analysed by the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The relation between head nurses' general characteristics 3nd leadership style, the relation between nurses' general characteristics and level of burnout and the level of burnout of nurses according to the different style of leadership of head nurses were analysed by ANOVA. A summary of the results of the study is as follows. 1. Hypothesis:“That the burnout level of the nurse will be different according to the leadership style of the head nurse”was supported. 2. Analysis of the relationship between the head nurse's general characteristics and the leadership style of the head nurse showed that the leadership style of the head nurse was not related to age and experience as head nurse. 3. Analysis of the relationship of nurses' burnout levels to general characteristics of nurses showed statistically significant differences in burnout levels according to working departments, expected working period and reasons for selecting nursing as a profession. Also, the burnout level of nurses was negatively related to the head nurse's age and experience as a head nurse.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2009

We analyzed the factors driving succession and the structure, and dynamics of vegetation on sand and gravel bars in order to clarify the differences in vegetation succession in rivers with different river bed substrates. Woody plant communities (dominated by Salix), perennial herb communities (dominated by Miscanthus), and annual plant communities (dominated by Persicaria) appeared in that order from upstream to downstream on the sandbar. The results of DCA ordination based on vegetation data reflected a successional trend. This result suggests that sandbars grow in a downstream direction. Various vegetation types different in successional stage, such as grassland, young stands of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora), two-layered stands of young and mature pines, and mature pine stands also occurred on gravel bars, but the vegetation in earlier successional stage was established upstream, which is the opposite to the direction found on sandbars. Those results demonstrate that the dynamics of the bed load itself could be a factor affecting vegetation succession in rivers. In fact, sands suspended by running water were transported downstream over the vegetated area of sand bar and thereby created new areas of sandbar on the downstream end of the sandbar. Meanwhile, gravel, which is heavy and thereby is shifted by strong water currents, accumulated on the upstream end of the vegetated area, and thus created new areas of gravel bar in that direction. These results showed that allogenic processes drive vegetation succession on sand and gravel bars in streams and rivers.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.175-186
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• 2010

This study was designed to evaluate changes in the terpene composition of 3 types of pines (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida), while decomposing their leaf litter. Needle litters were placed at two different organic layer depths, one on the surface and the other beneath the litter layer. Changes in the terpene composition of this litter were detected using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Among the monoterpenes acquired from the fresh needles of P. densiflora and P. rigida, $\alpha$-pinene (12.05% and 19.87%, respectively) was the major one, followed by $\beta$-pinene (2.90% and 14.07%). However, from the needles of P. thunbergii, $\beta$-pinene (20.77%) was the major one, followed by $\alpha$-pinene (10.79%). Among the sesquiterpenes detected in P. densiflora, trans-caryophyllene (3.12%) was the highest composition compound, whereas germacrene-D (6.09%) for P. thunbergii and 1,6-cyclodecadiene (7.41%) and endo-1-bourbonanol (7.41%) for P. rigida were the highest content compounds. However, the total amounts of terpenes decreased sharply by 40-85.4% in all three types of pine needle after 90-120 days of the experiment. The concentration of each terpene differed during decomposition, and the majority of compounds disappeared from beneath the litter layer. It was determined that three types of reducing patterns of each compound appeared on the rate of loss of concentration during decomposition; one pattern decreasing sharply during the initial period, another pattern steadily or slowly decreasing, and a newly detected pattern at low concentration occurring during decomposition.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6 s.134
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• pp.8-16
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• 2005

Fire-killed trees of Korean red pine are valuable resources for industrial uses. It is common only believed that fire-killed trees are too weak and brittle to use in construction purposes. The misunderstandings of fire-killed trees lead these valuable resources abandonment. The purposes of this research are focused on scrutinization of material properties of fire-killed trees to facilitate industrial uses of these resources. The sample logs were collected from the forest fire site of the eastern coast area in which the most catastrophic wild fire had taken place in 2000. Fire-killed Korean red pines were classified into 3 levels by the degree of fire damage so called light, medium and heavy, then their physical, mechanical and chemical properties were compared with sound trees. No significant difference in physical appearances were found in the cross sections by degree of damage compared to sound tree but bark char. Investigation on mechanical and chemical properties indicates that forest fire did not impact significantly in lowering the strength of damaged trees. It was concluded that there was any limitation of forest fire-killed trees of Korean red pine in industrial utilization.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.437-448
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• 2018

Physical characteristics of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) were investigated with different cultivation locations in Taebaek Mountains as Goseong-gun, Hongcheon-gun and Bonghwa-gun as experimental sites. Moisture content based on air-dried or green (artificial) wood was no significant differences with different cultivation places. Specific gravities of both sapwood and heartwood of red pine from Bonghwa-gun were higher than those from other two sites (Hongcheon-gun or Goseong-gun). Specific gravity of heartwood of red pine from Goseong-gun was higher than it from Hongcheon-gun, but this trend was opposite in case of sapwood. Higher specific gravity of red pine heartwood from Goseong-gun maybe resulted in higher strength than those of other sites. In shrinkage ratio, there was no significant difference among different cultivation places in radial directions, but red pine from Bonghwa-gun was higher than those of other sites in tangential directions. Hygroscopicity was no significant differences with different cultivation places. These results will be helpful information for efficient use of pinewood and good quality of pinewood production for genetical breeding improved.