• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.97-103
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• 2013

Pine bark extract is made from the bark of Pinus densiflora which naturally contains occurring phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds. PineXol$^{(R)}$ from products of pine bark extract is sold under the brand name. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenol, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of the PineXol$^{(R)}$ as well as to assess the lipid accumulation during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. Our results demonstrate that the total phenolic and flavonoids contents of the PineXol$^{(R)}$ were $717.40{\pm}6.86$ GAE mg/mL and $54.44{\pm}0.01$ RE mg/mL, respectively. The antioxidative activities of the PineXol$^{(R)}$ were significantly increased in a dose dependent manner on DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging, ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) activity, reducing power, nitrite radical scavenging activity and ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) value. In addition, the PineXol$^{(R)}$ inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Exposure to 200 ${\mu}g/mL$, PineXol$^{(R)}$ significantly reduced lipid accumulation (~80%) in 3T3-L1 cells compared to control cells.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.596-597
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.57-62
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• 1984

Four year old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) were grown in control and treated field plots in North Carolina, USA. Soil pH (4.4, 5.5, and 6.5), soil phosphate (19, 89 and 232 ppm) and mulch treatments (wheat straw, pine needle straw, poplar bark, oak bark, pine bark and hardwood leaves) were studied for their effects on total dry weight, total ginsenosides and 5 individual ginsenosides (A1, Rg1, Rd, Re, and Rb2). The leaf and root tissue were analyzed for ginsenosides by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The oak and poplar bark mulch treatments appeared to have the best effect upon the growth and production of roots while not significantly decreasing the ginsenoside content of the roots. The oak mulch showed a statistical increase in the ginsenoside content of the leaves.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.72-76
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• 1991

The new preparative separation techneque of dihydroquercetin (2, 3-trans-dihdroxy-3, 3', 4', 5, 7-pentahydroxydihydroflavonol) was investigated by liquid chromatography. Also some typical coniferous wood bark were examined for the sources of dihydroquercetin. The good sources of dihydroquercetin were Douglas-fir[Pseudotsuga menziesii] bark and pitch pine [Pinus rigida] bark. There is no dependance the produced place and species dihyroquercetin which is separated by silica-gel column chromatography was taken with white needle-like crystals. This crystals were very stable in the humidity and on the light. It also can stored very long without derivatives.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

Various types of acids, such as mineral acids, organic acids, and organic sulfonic acids, were used as catalysts in order to investigate their effectiveness during phenol liquefaction of pine bark. Hydrochloric arid was the most effective acid catalyst of the mineral acids used in this experiment for the phenol liquefaction, but the amount of the acid needed for more than 90% liquefaction was at least 11 mmol. Among the carboxylic acids used triflouroacetic acid (TFA) was effective for the liquefaction, but it was not possible to obtain liquefaction of more than 80%. Organic sulfonic acids, p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) and methanesulfonic acid (MSA), showed remarkable effects for liquefaction, even in small amounts and at low liquefaction temperatures. Especially in the case of PTSA, a 92% liquefaction yield was obtained at the liquefaction condition of 14$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 h. Therefore, it was evident that the PTSA is a good acid catalyst for the phenol-pine bark liquefaction system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.660-667
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• 2017

PineXol, extracted from Korean red pine bark, has beneficial effects, such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antilipogenic activities in vitro. We tested the hypothesis that PineXol supplementation could have anti-obesity effects on mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed normal chow (18% kcal from fat) or a HFD (60% kcal from fat). HFD-fed animals were also subjected to PineXol treatment at a dose of 10 or 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) (PX10 or PX50, respectively) body weight. The body weight and body fat mass in the PX50 group were statistically lower than those in the HFD group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The concentration of hepatic triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were reduced in the PX50 group compared with the HFD group (p < 0.01). Acetyl CoA carboxylase (p < 0.01), elongase of very long chain fatty acids 6 (p < 0.01), stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (p < 0.05), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (p < 0.01), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (p < 0.05) were significantly decreased in the PX50 group compared with that in the HFD group. In white adipose tissue, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha (p < 0.05), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (p < 0.001), and perilipin (p < 0.01) were decreased in the PX50 group compared with those in the HFD group. Therefore, the current study implies the potential of PineXol for the prevention and/or amelioration of obesity, in part by inhibition of both hepatic lipid synthesis and adipogenesis in white adipose tissue.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2014

Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of Yellow-hearted pine and Red pine were investigated. Wood color, annual ring width and latewood percentage were observed by the naked eye. Anatomical properties as the structure of three sections and cell dimensions were examined by an optical microscopy. As a result, the color of bark in Yellow-hearted pine was Reddish-grey, and Red pine showed brown or gray. The color of heartwood and sapwood in Yellow-hearted pine was deep-yellow to brown and creamy-white. And the color of heartwood and sapwood in Red pine was light-brown and light-yellow. The annual ring width of Yellow-hearted pine was narrower than that of Red pine, and the latewood percentage of Yellow-hearted pine was a little higher than that of Red pine. There was no significant difference in the anatomical characteristics between Yellow-hearted pine and Red pine.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.391-398
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• 1996

The pretreatment of bark powder with sodium hydroxide and formalin showed the most excellent adsorption ratio, but this method could not practically be used because of the occurrence of dark-colored pigments in filtrates during pretreatment. Instead, acid and formalin were the most affirmative and effective among the pretreatment methods tested, and could be used for this purpose. Among tested species, Quercus acutissima and Robinia pseudo-accacia showed the largest amount of metal adsorption, and $Pb^{2+}$ was the best(83 to 96%) among the four heavy metals tested. The order of adsorption ratios other metals was as follows; $Cu^{2+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$, and the ratio was approximately 45 to 55%. In addition, as the substrate amount increased, the amount of adsorbed heavy metals in subtrates gradually increased, but the adsorbed amount was not proportional to the substrate amount. The order of heavy metal adsorption was as follows; $Pb^{2+}$ > $Cu^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$. Depending on flow rate and column size, pine bark power adsorbed more heavy metals in the 5ml/min flow rate and 3.5cm column size rather than the 10ml/min and 2.0cm. However, oak bark power showed contrary results compared with pine bark powder. The adsorption of $Pb^{2+}$ occurred rapidly in the incipient stagte. Even though bark powders were repeatedly used three times, there was no change in the adsorption ratio(45%), but after four times, the adsorption ratio was significantly reduced to 35%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2006

To remove effectively order component ($NH_3\;and\;H_2S$) from pig house, biofilter was made of composted pine tree bark and polite and odor removal efficiency was evaluated in the lab and pilot scales. The columns were designed with ${\Phi}120mm{\times}450mm$ (H) and ${\Phi}850mm{\times}900mm$ (H) in the size in the lab and pilot scale testes, respectively. Single material of composted pine tree bark and polite and the mixture of two materials with 7:3 ratios (vol/vol) were packed in the column, and, herein air flow was controlled upward direction from column bottom. To enhance the efficiency of biofilter, ammonia (Rhodococcus equi A3) and hydrogen sulfide oxidizing bacteria (Alcaligenes sp. S5-5.2) were inoculated in packing materials before the test Removal effect of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases were higher in the mixture$[88.7{\sim}98.2%,\;89.5{\sim}97.9%]$ than that in single packing material (composted pine tree haft$[89.4{\sim}98.7%,\;78.7{\sim}85.6%]$ and petite$[65.3{\sim}73.2%,\;88.7{\sim}98.2%]$ by the lab scale biofilter. In the modeled pig house, about 96 and 91% of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases were removed by the pilot scale of biofilter, respectively. Conclusively, composted pine tree bark and polite could be a good candidate of biofilter packing materials to remove the odor components.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.2
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• pp.187-197
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• 2024

In this study, we aimed to identify the factors influencing post-fire mortality in Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) using Cox's proportional hazards model and analyze the impact of these factors. We monitored the mortality rate of fire-damaged pine trees for seven years after a forest fire. Our survival analysis revealed that the risk of mortality increased with higher values of the delta normalized difference vegetation index (dNDVI), delat normalized burn ratio (dNBR), bark scorch index (BSI), bark scorch height (BSH) and slope. Conversely, the risk of mortality decreased with higher elevation, greater diameter at breast height (DBH), and higher value of delta moisture stress index (dMSI) (p < 0.01). Verification of the proportional hazards assumption for each variable showed that all factors, except slope aspect, were suitable for the model and significantly influenced fire occurrence. Among the variables, BSI caused the greatest change in the survival curves (p < 0.0001). The environmental change factors determined through remote sensing also significantly influenced the survival rates (p < 0.0001). These results will be useful in establishing restoration plans considering the potential mortality risk of Korean red pine after a forest fire.