• Title/Summary/Keyword: Pine bark

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Analysis of Fire Direction and Pine Tree Survival using to Fire Scar formed in Tree Stem after forest Fire (산불발생 후 불자국을 이용한 소나무 생존 및 지형에 따른 산불의 방향 분석)

  • 채희문;이찬용
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.30-35
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    • 2003
  • The study of the scars formed on the bark of pine trees damaged by forest fire was carried out in the burned area of Samchuk and Donghae in 2000. Fire scars were formed on the bark of trees when fire passed by the tree. Fire scarring is usually found on the windward and leeward sides of the tree. Fire spread was analyzed topographically using the fire scars formed at the tree stem. Fire spread was closely related to the shape, slope and direction of the forestland. Four fire direction types are classified according to the shapes of the forestland. The height of the fire scar was higher on the leeward side than on the windward side of the trees studied. The burnt area of the total bark of the tree was over 30% in dead trees and below 12% in living trees. The regression model of the burnt stem area using the height of the fire scar, the diameter of breast height and the height of tree was Y=-2.484${\times}$Height+0.04199${\times}$D.B.H-1.686${\times}$Windward+11.172${\times}$Leeward+23.432(r=0.936, F=409.968, P>0.0001).

Effect of the Addition of Binders on the Fuel Characteristics of Wood Pellets (바인더의 첨가가 목재 펠릿의 연료적 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Ahn, Byoung Jun;Chang, Hee-Sun;Cho, Seong Taek;Han, Gyu-Seong;Yang, In
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.41 no.6
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    • pp.475-489
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    • 2013
  • This work was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of binders, such as rapeseed flour, coffee waste, bark, pine cone and lignin powder, on the fuel characteristics of the pellets fabricated with larch and tulip tree sawdust. Moisture content, bulk density and higher heating value of most pellets fabricated with the binders exceeded the 1st-grade pellet standard designated by Korea Forest Research Institute, but ash content of the pellets fabricated with rapeseed flour or bark of 10 wt% on the dry weight basis of sawdust was satisfied with just the 2nd- or 3rd-grade standard. The durability of tulip tree-pellets was positively influenced by the addition of rapeseed flour, coffee waste or lignin powder and increased with increasing the amount of the binders. For larch-pellets, the increase of binders did not greatly affect the durability, and even the durability reduced with the increase of bark or pine cone. From the microscopic observation, the obvious feature of pellet surfaces was not identified by the type of binder but by the addition amount of the binder. In summary, the addition of binders contributed to the fuel characteristics of wood pellets, and particularly the characteristics of wood pellets fabricated with coffee waste improved greatly. Therefore, if the binders are secured sufficiently with a reasonable cost, it might be possible to commercialize wood/binder pellets, which have better fuel characteristics than conventional wood pellets.

The Historical Study of Korean Traditional Funtional Food (한국의 전통적 기능성 식품의 이용에 대한 역사적 고찰)

  • 한복진
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.235-255
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    • 1996
  • Natural substances, exploited in our daily life, have been applied to drugs to treat diseases and developed to functional foods by appropriate preparations, and these foods give beneficial effects on physical activities. In this paper, the utilization of traditional functional foods was studied with refer ring to old ancient writings published in the front-end of Chosun dynasty. The utilized vegetables were march mallow, turnip, radish, Chinese cabbage, lettuce, spinach, cucumber winter buds, flesh of a cabbage, eggplant, taro, burdock, Parsley, watershield plant, crown daisy, bamboo shoots, garlic, scallion, onion, acorn, bark of a tree, white goosefoot leaf, leaf of bean, pine mushroom, bracken. yam, mugwort, tea, ginseng, peppermint, fruit of the Maximowiczia chinensis, smartweed and pepper. The utilized fruits were chestnut, Chinese date, pine nuts, walnut, gingko nut, citrus. crab apple, pear, peach, grape, pomegranate, plum, Chinese quince, fig and watermelon. The utilized cereal were rice, barley, bean, buckweat and Job's-tears. The utilized sweetenings and seasonings were honey, wheat-gluten, sugar, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar. Our ancestors had a balanced diet using the various foods, and especially had a fundamental concept of "Foods have the efficacy of a remedy".edy".uot;.

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Biological Control on Rhizoctonia Blight of Turfgrasses in Golf Courses (골프장 잔디의 Rhizoctonia 마름병에 대한 생물학적 방제)

  • 정봉구;정종일
    • Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.260-267
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    • 1998
  • This study was undertaken to find a new formulation of soil amendment, and selection of antogonists and to effectively control brown and large patch of turfgrasses caused by Rhizoctoniz solani AG1-1 and AG 2-2. Fourteen inorgainc chemicals (1%, w/w) were added individually in vitro, and some chemicals showed suppressiveness to R. solani. Alum suppressed effectively mycelial growth of R. solani in the range of 17 to 77% as compared with control. The four chemicals such as Al2(SO4)3, alum, CaO, and NH4NO3 were finally selected. Out of three organic compounds, composted pine bark (CPB) showed prominent suppressive effect as compared with milled alfalfa and pine leaves. After inoculation of R. solani isolates AG-1 and AG2-2 on the turf seedlings, water soaked lesions and blight symptoms were developed on the whole seedlings. According to inhibition zone method, mycelial growth of the fungus were greatly suppressed by culture filterates of the antagonists, Gliocladium virens (Gl1-) and Pseudomonas sp. (P713). CPB soil amendment mixed with antagonists (1% w/w) controlled not only brown and large patch of turfgrasses, but also promote the good growth of the seedlings. In addition, the controlling effect was maintained more than 30 days. Especially, the controlling effect of two antagonists was similar to Cㅖㅠ soil amendment with the antagonists and also stimulated a favorable growth of the seedlings. Therefore, its is expected that continuous control of Rhizoctonia blight of turfgrasses can be obtained in field by subsequent applications of the antagonists.

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Anti-inflammatory EFfects of the Cone from Pinus rigida x Pinus taeda via NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Macrophages

  • Seo-Yoon Park;Hye-Jeong Park;So-Yeon Han;Da-Yoon Lee;Jun-Hwan Jeong;Yoon-Jae Kwon;Tae-Won Jang;Jae-Ho Park
    • Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2022.09a
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    • pp.108-108
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    • 2022
  • Pine (Pinaceae family such as Pinus densiflora, P. rigida, and P.taeda) has been used as traditional medicine, its various parts (pine needle, bark, sap) have been used for hemostasis, bruises, and burns. These species were reported that have phenolics and flavonoids. We evaluated the anti-inflammation effects of PRT in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophages. These results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of cone from Pinus rigida x P.taeda (ECRT) stabilized free radicals by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing the production of nitric oxide (NO). ECRT decreased the expressions of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). In addition, ECRT significantly suppressed mRNA levels of inflammation-related factors such as cytokines, iNOS, and COX-2. As a result, ECRT was related to alleviating various pro-inflammatory mediators through IκB/NF-κB signaling pathways, including p65 translocation to the nucleus.

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Utilization of Essential Oil Free Needles for Compost and Roughage (침엽정유추출잔사의 퇴비화 및 조사료 이용)

  • 최인규;강하영
    • Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.7-15
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    • 2002
  • The essential oil free needles, which were left after distillation of essential oil from various coniferous needles, were fermented with food waste organics in order to use as compost and roughage. Microorganisms for the fermentation were selected from domestic sources such as swine compost, bark compost, and kimchi, etc, and consisted of aerothermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes. The weight reduction ratio of food waste organics treated with the microorganisms was 90% after 30 days treatment, and the fermentation temperature was kept at approximately $45^{\circ}C$. The compost process was really slow due to chemical compounds derived from needles, and it finally took 60 days for complete compost. When 10% of needle compost was mixed with soil for radish growth, the growth indicators such as leaf length and root weight were increased compared with control, while root weight, root width, and root length were inhibited on the addition of 20% needle compost. The nutrient value and digestibility ratio of various essential oil free needles as roughage for ruminant animals were evaluated. The ratio of crude protein for essential oil free needles from Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) was 10.02%, which was higher than those of rice straw(5.48%) and corn(9.00%). The digestibility ratios of essential oil free needles from Sawara cypress(Chamaecwaris pislfera), Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis), and Japanese Red Pine(Pinus densiflora) was 53%, 34%, 34%, respectively, indicating that those essential oil free needles were considered as excellent roughage.

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Effect of Pine needle Ethanol Extracts on the Inhibitory Activity of Atopic Dermatitis (송엽 에탄올 추출물의 아토피 저해 활성)

  • Jeong, Da-Hyun;Kim, Koth-Bong-Woo-Ri;Jung, Seul-A;Kim, Hyun-Jee;Kang, Bo-Kyeong;Bark, Si-Woo;Kim, Tae-Wan;Ahn, Dong-Hyun
    • KSBB Journal
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.123-130
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    • 2013
  • The aim of this study was to examine inhibitory effects of pine needle ethanol extracts (PNEE) on atopic dermatitis (AD). To determine inflammatory activity PNEE was added to LPS-induced murine peritoneal macrophages for an in-vitro test. In addition, anti-AD test was carried out by spreading PNEE on the dorsal skin of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)- induced BALB/c mice. It was confirmed that the nitric oxide (NO) secretion was suppressed when $1{\sim}50{\mu}g/mL$ of PNEE were added to LPS-induced murine peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-$1{\beta}$, were decreased. For the anti-AD test, PNEE alleviated symptoms of the erythema in DNCB-induced mice. Furthermore, the IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion of the group treated with PNEE was increased in splenocytes from DNCB-induced mice compared to the positive control, while IL-4 secretion diminished. Through these results, we can conclude that PNEE can inhibit AD by modulating the IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4 cytokines production and inhibiting inflammation.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities and Active Compounds Separated from Water Soluble Extracts of Korean Black Pine Barks

  • Shen, Chang-Zhe;Jun, Hong-Young;Choi, Sung-Ho;Kim, Young-Man;Jung, Eun-Joo;Oh, Gi-Su;Joo, Sung-Jin;Kim, Sung-Hyun;Kim, Il-Kwang
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.31 no.12
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    • pp.3567-3572
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    • 2010
  • Black pine barks from the southern region of Korea were extracted using pressurized hot water and the water soluble extracts were then separated in a stepwise fashion using a variety of solvents, column chromatography (CC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activities of each fraction and the active compounds were determined based on the radical scavenging activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reductive potential of ferric ion, and total phenol contents. A DPPH test showed that the half maximal effective concentration ($EC_{50}$ value : $6.59{\pm}0.31\;{\mu}g/mL$) of the ethyl acetate fraction (ca. 0.67%) was almost the same as that of the control compounds and inversely proportional to the value of the total phenol contents. The cell viability of the water extracts was confirmed by methyl thiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) with enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). Catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and ferulic acid were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction as active compounds and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. The antioxidant activity as value of DPPH of each of the separated compounds was lower than the ethyl acetate fraction, and ferulic acid was the lowest among these compounds.

Bionomics, Host range & Analysis of Damage Aspects on the Black Pine Bast Scale, Matsucocus thunbergianae (Homoptera : Cocoidea), in the Coastal Area of Southwest Korea (한국 남서해안지대의 해송림에 만연된 솔껍질깍지벌레(Matsucocus thunbergianae)의 생태, 기주범위 및 피해해석에 관한 연구(I))

  • 김규진;오광인
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.386-395
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    • 1992
  • The black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae, causes severe damage to the black pines of southern coastal areas. It has one generation a year, coming out of the pine bark to mate a and lay eggs from early March to early May. Especially, its peak time is from late March to m mid-April. The host plants were found to be 7 species, Pinus thunbergii, P. strobus, P. taeda, P. b banksiana, P. massoniana, P. taiwannesis, and P. densiflora. The percentage of damaged black p pine by the age were 0.8% for I-year old ones, 3.7% for 4-6 years, 5.2% for 7-9 years, 9.3% f for 10-12 years, 8.1% for 13-15 years, 7.8% for 16-18 years, 6.7% for 19-21 years, 3.3% for 2 22-24 years, 1.9% for 25-27 years, and 1.1 % for 28 years. The highest rate of damage happened to 7 -20 years old trees, whereas the highest rate of damage upon branches happened to 6 6-7 years old ones. Finally, as far as the trunk is concerned, the damages proceeded from the m middle parts of the trunk, whose branches were alive up to the top. The rates of damage s spread in pure forest/mixed forest area were turned out to be 81.3/52.5% in Koheung, 80.3/ 5 58.1 % in Haenam, and 76.3/48.5% in Muan. That is, the damage rate was higher in the pure f forest areas than the mixed forest ones. The higher the density of trees beyond 20 trees per m 100$m^2$, the higher the damage rate was.

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Chemical Properties of Major Tree Barks in Korea -(I) Chemical Composition of Reducing Sugars and Five Essential Elements- (한국산(韓國産) 주요(主要) 수종(樹種) 수피(樹皮)의 화학적(化學的) 성질(性質) -(I) 일반분석(一般分析), 환원당구성(構成), 무기원소(無機元素)-)

  • Lee, Hwa Hyoung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.63-69
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    • 1978
  • A bark comprises about 10 to 20 percents of a typical log by volume, and is generally considered as an unwanted residue rather than a potential1y valuable resourses, As the world has been confronted with decreasing forest resources, natural resources pressure dictate that a bark should be a raw material instead of a waste. The utilization of the largely wasted bark of genus Pinus, Quercus, and Populus grown in Korea can be enhanced by learning their chemical properties. However, the chemical study of tree bark grown in korea have never been undertaken. In the present paper, the studies on the chemical properties of bark comprise carbohydrates, lignin, and extractives, composition of reducing sugars and five essential elements. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. Bark are much richer in quantity of lignin and extractives than the corresponding wood, and are chiefly consisted of lignin, extractives and carbohydrates orderly. It is the same with ash contents. Alcohol-benzene extractives of populus bark are the highest among three genus. 2. Although glucose constitutes the major sugar in both pine and hardwoods bark, in pinus, arabinose and xylose are the next but in hard woods, the next is xylose. 3. Essential elements, Ca and Kjeldahl-N are higher in the bark than in the wood. Ca content is the highest among others, and N,K followed it. Essential elements are higher in Quercus than in Populus and pinus.

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