• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.366-368
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Composting is the most frequently used waste management process for animal manure in Korea's livestock industry. In the composting process, a large amount of nitrogen (N) is volatilized to the atmosphere as amonia ($NH_3$). However, quantitative information of $NH_3$ emission from composting of liquid manure is required to obtain emission factors for management of livestock manure in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: To evaluate the $NH_3$ emission from composting of liquid manure affected by aeration, we conducted composting of liquid pig manure with three forced aeration systems. The aeration conditions were continuous (A60), cycle of 30 min aeration and 30 min pause (A30S30) and without aeration(A0). All treatments were aerated 12 hour per day with these aeration systems. The total ratio of $NH_3$ volatilization loss to total N content in liquid manure throughout composting period was estimated to 19.9% for A0 treatment, 25.9% for A30S30 treatment and 36.3% for A60 treatment. The A30S30 and A60 aeration systems increased $NH_3$ volatilization by 30.2 and 82.3% compared with systems without forced aeration. CONCLUSION(S): Ammonia emission during liquid pig manure composting was highly affected by forced aeration. The development of liquid pig manure composting systems with forced aeration would be considered both reducing ammonia emission and efficiency of composting.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2013

부숙기간(부숙 0일, 15일, 30일, 50일, 80일)이 다른 돈분퇴비에 대한 줄지렁이의 섭식량, 생체량, 산란율 및 돈분퇴비로부터 생산된 분변토의 이화학적 성상을 조사하였다. 돈분퇴비에 대한 지렁이 섭식량은 부숙 기간이 길어질수록 증가하였으나, 지렁이 생체량은 30일간 부숙된 돈분퇴비에서 가장 높았으며, 80일간 부숙된 돈분퇴비에서는 생체량이 현저하게 감소하였다. 지렁이의 산란수는 부숙이 진행된 먹이일수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였으며, 특히 80일간 부숙된 돈분퇴비에서 현저하게 낮았다. 부숙기간이 다른 돈분 퇴비로부터 생산된 분변토의 pH, 전기전도도, C/N율이 일반적인 퇴비화 공정보다 빠르게 감소되었으며, 생산된 분변토의 유기물 함량은 돈분퇴비의 부숙기간에 무관하게 35.9-39.8%으로 균질화되었다. 이상에서 지렁이의 처리효율, 생장률 등을 고려하였을 때, 돈분에 대한 지렁이처리를 위한 돈분퇴비의 부숙기간은 15-30일 정도가 적정한 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 일반적인 퇴비화와 지렁이 처리법의 혼합적용에 의해 돈분을 효과적으로 처리할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 양질의 분변토와 지렁이를 생산할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2012

Objectives: Bioaerosols released by treating organic-waste resources cause a variety of environmental and hygiene problems. The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution characteristics of the airborne bacteria emitted from a pig manure composting plant, a principal site for organic-waste resource facilities. Methods: Three types of pig manure composting plant were selected based on fermentation mode: screw type, rotary type and natural-dry type. Each site was visited and investigated on a monthly basis between September 2009 and August 2010. A total of 36 air samplings were obtained from the pig manure composting plants. The air sampling equipment was a six-stage cascade impactor. Quantification and qualification of airborne bacteria in the air samples was performed by agar culture method and identification technique, respectively. Results: The mean concentrations of airborne bacteria in pig manure composting plant were 7,032 (${\pm}1,496$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for screw type, 3,309 (${\pm}1,320$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for rotary type, and 5,580 (${\pm}1,106$) CFU $m^{-3}$ for natural dry type. The screw type pig manure composting plant showed the highest concentration of airborne bacteria, followed by the natural dry type and the rotary type. The ratio of respirable to total airborne bacteria was approximately 40-60%. The predominant genera of airborne bacteria identified were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia spp. Conclusion: Monthly levels of airborne bacteria were highest in August and lowest in November regardless of fermentation mode. There was no significant correlation relationship between airborne bacteria and environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity and particulate matters in pig manure composting plants.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.115-118
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the effects of pig manure composting on emission of dinitrogen oxide ($N_2O$) that is greenhouse gas. Fresh pig manure was mixed with sawdust as bulking agent and moisture content of mixed compost was adjusted by 61.9%. After mixing bulking agent with pig manure that was left to compost with aeration in composting chamber for an initial period of 30 days. At the end of this period, that was decomposed and a second period of composting was conducted without aeration for 60 days. Temperature during the initial composting period was above $55^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Moisture reduction rate by composting pig manure was 36.7%. $N_2O$ Produced during composting was 0.043g/T-Ng.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제13권
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• pp.3-17
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• 1993

The composting process is a suitable to dispose the livestock manure in terms of resources recovery. However the performence of composting process is greatly affected by the environmental conditions such as characteristics of manure, type of the bulking agent, initial moisture contents, temperature, recycle and so on. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the optimum environmental conditions of composting process for livestock manures. The analytical results indicated that no bulking agent was necessary for the cow manure because of the proper C/N ratio. However the pig manure required a bulking agent since the pig manure had not only low in C/N ration but poor ventilation characteristics. In addtion, the initial miosture content for optimum composting appeared to be about 60%. The temperature control was also an essential factor to enhance the activity of thermophilic microorganisms in the laboratory composting unit. It was further found that the recycle of composts may contributed the completion of composting precess as well as C/N ratio reduction and moisture control.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 1997

A study on the effect of the biodegradability of the composting bulking agent in the swine manurecomposting was carried out in a batch system. The purpose of this study is to prove the effect of the biodegradability of the composting-bulking agent on the efficiency of the composting. In this study, it is the lignins: Klason-Lignin in the volatile solid that the index of the biodegradability of the composting-material mixes which are pig manure-rice straw pig manure-sawdusts pig manuremixture of rice and ricestraw (2:1) pig manure-mixture of rice and sawdust (1:1). It was carried out in the same condition (moisture contents, air supply rate, C/N ratio, initial input weight, porosity-structure) except the biodegradability of the raw material mixes. One of the results from this study is that the biodegradability of the bulking agent in the sense of the VS lignin content is not an insignificant factor in composting reaction. The less contents of the lignin in VS, the more efficiencies of the cornposting reaction in use of these parameters for the degree of the reaction: temperature, the trends of the ash contents, the change pattern of the C/N ratio. Under some assumptions, it is able to induce rough model on the relation of the VS lignin contents with the efficiency of the degradability. In this model, the biodegradability of the bulking agent is not an insignificant factor however, it is flexible within some degrees of range.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.32-36
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• 2002

이 연구는 돈분, 석고와 석탄화를 혼합물을 퇴비화한 것이다. 실험에 사용한 A 시료(PM : SD = 6 : 4)와 C 시료(PM : SD : GS : CFA = 6 : 2 : 1 : 1)를 사용하여 퇴비화 실험결과 A, C 시료의 초기 수분함량은 64, 50%이었고 온도, pH에서도 A시료와 비교했을 때 큰 차이는 없었으나 A,C 시료의 최종 TOC는 약 5550, 2900 mg/kg 이었다. 양이온 교환능은 A, C시료와는 크게 차이는 없었으나 CEC값으로 보아 숙성에 더 많은 시간이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 석고와 석탄회 첨가는 돈분 퇴비화 과정에서 첨가제로서의 역할이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2002

본 연구는 고품질의 퇴비 생산을 목적으로 건조된 제지슬러지와 톱밥을 돈분에 혼합하여 합리적인 퇴비화 조건을 도출하기 위해 실행되었다. 돈분은 톱밥과 건조 제지슬러지보다 비교적 높은 질소함량으로 인한 낮은 C/N율과 과다한 함수율이 특징이다. 그러므로 건조 제지슬러지와 톱밥을 첨가하여 퇴비더미의 C/N율과 수분함량을 조절하였으며, 퇴비화 방식은 교반 정체식을 이용하였다. 퇴비화 초기 혼합된 퇴비더미의 물리적 특성 때문에 작업성이 용이하지 않았으나 곧 회복되었다. 돈분과 톱밥을 혼합한 P-2 처리구(56.6 : 43.4)는 퇴비화 시작 후 5일 이내에 퇴비더미의 온도가 $60^{\circ}C$에 도달했으며, 그 때 P-2의 수분함량은 58%이었다. 모든 처리구의 pH는 퇴비화 진행과정에서 미약하게 감소하였다. 짧은 퇴비화 기간 때문에 T-C와 T-N의 변화는 크지 않았지만, T-C의 감소율은 5~12% 범위였다. 5개의 돈분 처리구에서 합리적인 퇴비화 조건을 고려하면 최적의 수분함량은 57%이었고 팽화제로써 톱밥을사용하는 것이 건조 제지슬러지를 처리하는 것보다 퇴비의 품질면에서 우수하였다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.135-145
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate changes of physico-chemical properties and microbial activity during the early stage of composting with pig and chicken manure. The results were as follows; 1. The temperature was rapidly increased from the 3rd to the 7th day, and especially the pig manure compost preparing with enzyme was maintained $56^{\circ}C{\sim}69^{\circ}C$. 2. The pH range was shown $7.7{\sim}9.3$, and the pH level increased from the 3rd day to 25th day. Also after the 25th day the pH level decreased gradually. 3. The C/N ratio in the pig manure compost decreased 16.8 at the 30th day, while the compost containing enzymes decreased 19.2 at the 30th day. Chicken manure compost showed similar results at the 28 of C/N ratio at the 30th day with enzyme treatment. 4. The total ammount of sugar in pig manure compost was $6,000{\sim}7,000mg/kg$, while the chicken manure compost was $2,000{\sim}4,000mg/kg$. However, there was no significant difference in view point of enzyme treatment. 5. Cellulase, phosphatase and xylanase activity were continually increased, however amylase and urease activity were not changed during composting.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2007

This study was conducted to estimate the humificating grade according to experiment of physico-chemical characterization and phyto-toxicity during composting of using with pig manure and castor meal. The material ratios of the compost which was mixed with pig manure(P), castor meal(C), and saw dust(S) were 5 : 1 : 4(PCS-I), 5 : 2.5 : 2.5(PCS-II) and 5 : 4 : 1(PCS-III) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the changes of temperature in all treatments during composting were rapidly increased more than $68^{\circ}C$ at the incipient stage, and gradually decreased within $39^{\circ}C$ at 60 days the after treatment. pH was slowly increased from 7.5 to 7.7, and the C/N ratio was 13~14 at the final composting stage. The low C/N ratio value in this compost was caused by the castor meal contented high nitrogen level(T-N 5.7 %). G.I.(germination index) was showed 73 to 78 range in all treatments at the $60^{th}$ day. Among all treatments PCS-I was appeared to be the best condition for composting.