• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.279-283
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• 1992

식물성 식품중의 영양 저해 인자로 알려진 phytate를 제거한 분리 유채단백(low-phytate rapeseed protein isolate)을 제조하여 pH 및 phytate 첨가량이 이들 분리 유채단백의 용해성과 소화율에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 분리 유채단백의 phytate 함량은 1.5%로서 탈지 유채분말보다 66%가 감소되었으며 protein : phytate ratio는 58 : 1이었다. 분리 유채단백의 용해도는 pH 2.0과 pH 11.5에서는 매우 높았으나 pH 5.0에서는 매우 낮았다. 그 용해도에 미치는 phytate 첨가량의 영향을 보면 pH 5.0과 pH 11.5에서는 별 차이가 없었으나 pH 2.0에서는 phytate 첨가량이 많을수록 그 용해도가 감소하였다. 분리 유채단백의 pepsin 소화율에 미치는 phytate의 저해적 영향은 phytate 함량이 증가할수록 더 커졌다. 소화기간 초기에는 그 영향이 매우 컸으나 소화시간이 길어짐에 따라 그 영향은 점점 감소되었으며 평균소화율은 24%가 감소하였다. 따라서 유채단백을 식품소재로 이용하기 위해서는 phytate 함량이 낮은 제품을 제조함으로써 그의 기능성과 영양가를 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2003

High dietary phytate is a known factor in reducing the bioavailability of minerals such as zinc and calcium which are already chronically low in the Korean diet. This study was conducted to develop methods for reducing dietary phytate through the addition of phytate and/or the substitution of high phytate foods with low phytate foods. Ten units of phytase per 100g of uncooked brown rice were added to brown rice gruel resulted in a 16.2% phytate reduction after a 3-hour incubation period; an 18.2% reduction was produced after a 6-hour incubation period. The addition of ten units of phytase per 100g of soybean curd residue at 45$^{\circ}C$, followed by refrigeration for 3 hours, resulted in a 19.1% phytate reduction. The addition of 20 units of phytase under the same conditions reduced phytate content by 24.6%. In this study, two typical Korean meals consisting of legumes and unrefined cereals were prepared as high phytate meals; these were then compared to low phytate meals that had been prepared by treating the foods with phytase and substituting unrefined with refined cereals (i.e., brown rice with white rice, whole wheat bread with white bread). The phytate content of the two high phytate meals was 1878.2mg and 1811.8mg. After the addition of phytase and the food substitution, the phytate content of the low phytate meals was reduced to 788.9mg and 606.0mg. The phytate to zinc molar ratio of high phytate diets was 22.4 and 21.3 and 9.4 and 7.9 for the low phytate meals. These results indicate that the nutritional status of Koreans in terms zinc and other minerals can be improved by phytate reduction. This can be accomplished through the change of milling process for some cereals and/or the enzyme treatment of some high phytate food items.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.406-414
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• 1997

It has been known that dietary phytate decreases the absorption of body zinc pool which is composed of the dietary and endogenous zinc in the body. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of phytate on the absorption of total bodyzinc in Zn-depleted rats. Rats were Zn-depleted with either low(0.8%) or high(1.6%) Ca diet containing sodium phytate for 4 weeks. After zinc depletion, rats were assigned into phytate or non-phytate dietary groups within each low-or high-Ca dietary group. ant feces were collected for 2 weeks of the initial collection and 1 week after dietary crossover, during which the phytate and the non-phytate diet was switched over within the same Ca group. The content of Zn and Ca measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and phytate content was analyzed. food intake was higher in the high Ca group than in the low Ca group(p <0.0001), and was also higher in the non-phytate group than in the phytate group(p <0.0001). Food intake and phytate level affected body weight gain in rats(p <0.0001). Zinc excretion in the total feces was higher in the phytate group than in the non-phytate group at both low and high Ca level(p <0.0001), except during the crossover collection period in high Ca group. Calcium, however, didn't show any synergistic effect on phytate effect(p <0.05). This study showed that phytate decreased the absorption of total body zinc at both low and high Ca levels in Zn-depleted rats. A large portion of total body zinc originated from the endogenous zinc pool in these rats. The results of the present study showed the same effect of phytate on the endogenous zinc in Zn-depleted rats as in a previous study, confirming that phytate adversely affects zinc bioavailability, especially under marginal and poor zinc nutrition.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.360-365
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• 1993

Phytate 함량이 다른 두 분리 대두단백(HSPI; high-phytate soy protein isolate, LSPI; low-phytate soy protein isolate)을 제조하여 pH 및 phytate 첨가량이 그들의 용해도와 소화율에 미치는 영향을 알아보았고 분리 대두단백을 용해도에 따라 분별한 후 그들의 특성을 전기영동을 통하여 알아보았다. LSPI와 HSPI 모두 분자량이 $13.6{\sim}81.1kDa$에 이르는 단백질 성분으로 이루어져 있으며 산성 pH에서 $18.0{\sim}35.0kDa$의 단백질은 phytate와 잘 결합하지 않는 특성을 가졌다. LSPI를 용해도에 다라 분별하였을 때 gliadin을 구성하는 단백질은 pH2에서 phytate와 쉽게 결합하지 않았다. 대두 단백질은 pepsin 소화율은 phytate 첨가량이 증가할수록 크게 저하되었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.286-290
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• 1991

대두의 영양 저해인자로 알려진 phytic acid를 pH를 조절하는 각기 다른 방법으로 제거할 low-phytate soy protein isolate(SPI)와 high-phytate SPI를 얻어 이들 분리 대두단백의 용해도와 소화율에 미치는 phytic acid 함량의 영향을 조사하였다. 분리 대두단백의 phytic acid 함량은 high-phytate SPI에서 2.48%이었고, low-phytate SPI에서는 0.72%이었다. 분리 대두단백의 용해도는 모든 pH에서 low-phytate SPI가 high-phytate SPI 보다 높았으며 phytic acid의 첨가량이 많을수록 용해도가 떨어져 침전되었다. 분리 대두단백의 소화율에 미치는 phytic acid의 저해적 영향은 phytic acid 첨가량이 증가할수록 더 컸으며, low-phytate SPI 보다 high-phytate SPI에서 그 저해효과가 약간 크게 나타났다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.154-154
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• 1993

A factorial experiment was conducted to determine the influence of phytate(0 or 10g/kg diet) and calcium (Ca)(3 or 10g/kg diet) intakes on Ca, P and Zn metabolism by growing female rats. Food intake and weight were similar for the all groups, however, phytate ingestion for six weeks depressed femur growth. The low Ca plus phytate group showed the lowest Ca content of total femur and this was related to a significant decrease of Ca retention. Phytate intake depressed zinc(Zn) absorption in the first metabolic collection. This inhibitory effect of phytate on Zn absorption was improved in the low Ca plus phytate group after several weeks. Impared Zn absorption however remained in the high Ca plus phytate group which was reflected in the lowest Zn content of femur, phytate intake with high Ca also depressed phosphorous(P) absorption and serum and urinary P. These adverse effects of phytate on Zn and P absorption when the dietary Ca was high could explain reduced femur weight despite the highest concentration of femur Ca(mg/g ash) in this group. Results suggest that phytate can adversely affect not only Ca metabolism but Zn and P utilization. Thus, for the normal bone growth when phytate intake is high, the ingesion of Ca, P, Zn and other minerals should be enhanced.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.82-87
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• 1999

Zinc nutriture in South Koreans was evaluated by estimating Zn, Ca, and phytate intake, and the molar ratios of phytate : Zn and the millimolar ratios of phytate $\times$ Ca Zn. food consumption data from the 95 National Nutrition Survey was used. For the present study, data from the nationwide, large city and urban area level were used. No standard deviation measures were provided in the 95 National Nutrition Survey : only mean values were reported. Nationwide daily intake of Zn and Ca were 10.1 mg/day and 426.5 mg/day, respectively. The estimated daily phytate intake was 1676.6 mg/day nationwide. The molar ratio of phvtate : Zn, the millimolar ratio of phytate $\times$ Ca : Zn and the phytate $\times$ Ca Zn mmol per 4.2 MJ (1000 kcal) were 15.9, 168.9 and 91.8 in nationwide, respectively. The major food groups for zinc intake were meat, poultry products (43%), and cereals and grain products (18%). Sixty two percent of Zinc was from animal food sources. Cereal and grain products supplied most of the phytate intake (46%), followed by seasonings, fruits, and legume products. The major food source of phytate was rice (39%) . The results of the present study suggest that Zn status of Koreans maybe influenced by high dietary intake of phytate and high molar ratios of phytate : Zn and phytate $\times$ Ca : Zn. These results raise concerns about Zn status of Koreans, who consume a diet higher in phytate than Western diets. further research is necessary to confirm whether such poorly available dietary Zn has any impact on the health of Koreans.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.394-405
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• 1997

Endogenous zinc is important for maintaining zinc homeostasis because the size of endogenous zinc pool is almost 3-4 times bigger than that of dietary zinc. The purpose of this study was to examine the phytate effect on the reabsorption of endogenous zinc and the additional Ca effect on the phytate effect. Rats were fed a casein-based diet with added sodium phytate containing either high(1.6%) or low(0.8%) Ca concentrations for 4 weeks to reduce the body zinc pool. After the depletion period, $^{65}$ Zn was given by intraperitoneal injection to label the endogenous zinc pool. Rats were then assigned into phytate or non-phytate group within the same Ca group. feces were collected for 2 weeks of the initial collection period and 1 week after dietary crossover. The ratios of excreted fecal $^{65}$ Zn radioactivity of phytate group non-phytate group were determined as a measure of the phytate effect on the endogenous zinc. Mean fecal $^{65}$ Zn radioactivity was higher in the phytate group than in the non-phytate group during the entire 3 weeks of the collection period in the low Ca group, and during the initial collection period in the high Ca group(p <0.0001). This study showed an adverse phytate effect on endogenous zinc at both high and low dietary Ca levels. Elevated dietary Ca levels showed a synergistic effect on the phytate effect on endogenous zinc(p <0.05). These results imply greater phytate effect on zinc homeostasis rather than on zinc bioavailability through complexing with the endogenous zinc which is larger portion than the dietary zinc on zinc homeostasis.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.343-349
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• 1990

pH를 달리한 수용액 및 농도를 달리한 염류수용액에서 들깨종실의 단백질과 phytate의 용해도를 측정하여 단백질로부터 phytate를 제거할 수 있는 조건을 검토하였다. 들깨종실단백질의 용해도는 pH4.0에서 가장 낮은 9.5%로 등전점을 보였고, 그보다 산성 또는 알칼리성쪽으로 갈수록 증가되었다. 반면에 phytate의 용해도는 pH5.0에서 가장 높았으며 그보다 산성 또는 알칼리성쪽으로 갈수록 감소되었다. NaCl 수용액을 처리하였을 때 단백질의 용해도는 pH $3.0{\sim}4.0$ 범위에서 가장 낮았고 pH 6.0 이상에서는 현저히 증가되었다. Phytate의 용해도는 pH$2.0{\sim}5.0$ 범위에서는 약 90%내외로 높았으나 pH6.0 이상에서는 급격히 감소되었다. $Na_2SO_3$ 수용액처리에서는 단백질 용해도가 $pH2.0{\sim}3.0$ 범위에서 가장 낮았고 phytate의 용해도는 $pH5.0{\sim}6.0$에서 최대치를 보였고, 3%의 경우는 전 pH 구간에 걸쳐서 낮았으나 5%와 7%에서는 전 구간에서 높았다. $CaCl_2$ 수용액처리에서는 단백질 용해도가 3% 수용액에서는 전 pH 구간에서 낮았으나 5%와 7%에서는 $pH5.0{\sim}10.0$에서 높은 값을 보였으며 phytate의 용해도는 $pH2.0{\sim}3.0$ 사이에서 최대값을 나타내고 pH4.0이상에서는 급격히 감소하였다. 이상의 결과에서 3% NaCl 용액을 사용하여 pH9.0에서 단백질을 추출하고 pH4.0에서 침전시켰을 때 단백질 수율이 좋고 phytate 잔존량이 가장 적어, 저(低)phytate 분리단백질을 만드는 가장 좋은 조건이었다..

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.284-288
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• 1992

영양 저해인자로 알려진 phytate를 제거한 분리 유채단백(low-phytate rapeseed protein isolate)을 제조하여 유채단백질과 phytate와의 결합양상에 미치는 pH 및 phytate 첨가량의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 SDS-polyacrylamide gel 전기영동법을 수행하였다. 가용화된 분리 유채단백은 pH2.0과 pH5.0에서 phytate 첨가량이 증가할수록 가용성 단백질 band의 수가 감소하였으며 pH11.5에서는 band의 변화가 없었다. pH2.0에서 대조군의 18개 band중 7개의 band(105.8, 52.3, 37.3, 34.8, 26.3, 21.3, 18.4KDa)가 100 mg phytate 첨가시 침전되었으며 150 mg 첨가시에는 6개의 band(78.8, 46.5, 19.4, 16.8, 11.7, 8.5KDa)가 더 사라졌다. pH5.0에서는 대조군과 비교하여 15개의 band중 4개의 band(34.8, 21.3, 18.4, 16.8KDa)만이 phytate 첨가시 침전되었다. 따라서 유채단백을 식품소재로 이용하기 위해서는 phytate 함량을 낮춤으로써 그의 기능성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.