• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1652-1660
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• 2004

Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) is essential in atherogenesis, being a factor that modulates its early progression rather than a terminal event in the course of the disease. Various stimuli, including oxide lipoproteins, altered hemodynamic stress and free radical, can induced VSMCs apoptosis in vitro. The protective effects of Sophorae Radix (SR) on apoptotic cell death induced by H₂O₂ were investigated in VSMCs. The viability of VSMCs was markedly decreased by H₂O₂. Sophorae Radix protected the H202-induced apoptotic death of VSMCs, which was characterized as nuclear fragmentation and increase of sub-G0/G1 fraction .. Sophorae Radix decreased the activation of caspase-3 like protease induced by H₂O₂ and recovered control level from H202-induced PARP, Bak, Bcl-XL and mitochondrial membrane potential. These results suggest that Sophorae Radix protected VSMCs apoptotic death induced by H₂O₂ via inactivation of caspase-3 and modulation of mitochondrial function. Also, the expression profile of proteins by using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was screened. Future investigations will need to explore the use of an anti atherosclerotic therapy of Sophorae Radix, which relies on inhibition of the proapoptotic activation of the vascular smooth muscle cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.58-64
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• 2007

The previous study reported the biological effect of magnetic field exerted by acting on endocrine and anti-oxidant system. The present study aims to study whether ELF-MF (extremely low frequency magnetic field) affects the physiological endocrine systems such as thyroid and whether ELF-MF affects the defense system against oxidative stress when it alters the function of thyroid. Finally, we correlate the effects of MF on oxidative stress, and adrenal and thyroid with an environmental stress factor. We exposed sham or MF to rats for 5 or 25 days. After the exposure, we determined pain sensitivity, level of TSH, $T_3$ and free $T_4$ in plasma. We also assayed in whole brain, lipid peroxidation, the activity of enzymatic anti-oxidant defense including superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and non enzymatic defense such as reduced or oxidized glutathione contents. MF induced the hypersensitivity to thermal stimuli with the reduction of latency. $T_3$ and $T_4$ levels were also increased by the exposure of MF. In addition, we observed the rise of MDA level in rat brain by MF although the MF did not change superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity. The effect of MF on both reduced and oxidized glutathione results in decrease in reduced or oxidized glutathione in whole brain. In every experiment, there was no significant difference in MF influence between short term (5 days) and long term (25 days) exposure. Taken together, MF exposure affects the thyroid hormonal control in brain. The elevated thyroid hormone acts on brain, leading to hyper-utilization of oxygen. This phenomenon may be correlated with oxidative stress resulting from MF exposure. In conclusion, we suggest that MF exposure may be an environmental stress by exerting oxidative stress.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2004

Aquaporins(AQPs)유전자는 다양한 조직의 상피세포와 내피세포에 존재하며 다량의 물 이동을 조절하는 막성 단백질로서, 세포간 또는 세포막 사이의 물 이동에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 발정기의 생쥐 자궁에서는 자궁내막세포의 증식과 함께 수화되는 특징을 보이며, 자궁내강으로 물이 이동되어 자궁내액의 점성이 낮아지는 현상이 나타난다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 생쥐의 발정주기 동안 자궁에서의 형태학적인 변화와 관련하여 AQP유전자가 물 이동의 매개체로서 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 추측하여, 생쥐 발정주기 동안에 AQP유전자의 발현 양상을 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응을 통하여 관찰하였다. 또한, laser capture microdissection(LCf을 이용하여 자궁내 세포의 종류에 따른 AQP유전자의 발현 양상을 조사하였다. AQP-4 전령체는 발정주기의 proestrus와 estrus 시기에 발현량이 유의하게 증가하는 반면, AQP-8 전령체는 동일한 시기에 유의하게 감소하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한, LCM 기법을 통해서 AQP-4와 -8 전령체가 자궁기질세포보다 자궁내막세포에서 강하게 발현이 유도됨을 관찰하였다. 결과적으로, 생쥐 자궁에서 AQP-4와 -8유전자가 발정주기에 따라 발현량이 변화하는 것으로 보아 난소내 호르몬인 estrogen과 progesterone에 의해 조절될 가능성이 있으며, proestrus와 estrus 시기에 자궁내강으로 자궁내액을 수송하는데 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.49-66
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• 2000

Pregnancy is a task of creation in which a women mobilizes her self and the resources available to her in the generation of a new person. Through the pregnancy, a mother has formed the new human relationship with a fetus. Maternal-fetal relationship is considered one of mechanism making the relationship of mother and child. It is important to well-being of mother and fetus, too. The earliest interaction between a mother and her child is during prenatal period. Maternal-fetal dyad is unique and perceived interactions with the fetus make the pregnancy real for the mother. Maternal behavior is "instinctive" and is formed in early childhood by copy of the mother. But, Rubin argues that this behavior is an open intellectual system rather than a prepackaged bundle of traits. There is openness to new learning and a high value placed on knowing which occurs with silent organization in thought. Thus, nurses and other health professionals provide prenatal care that optimally is part of the environment in which the maternal-fetal dyad develops. Thus it is appropriate for nurses to increases their understanding of the dyad and to explore ways to enhance its development. This study focusses on the interaction ability and response of fetus, and the maternal-fetal interaction. The research of fetal responses that involve physiological changes and motor movement have been shown to coccur to both external sensory stimuli and to maternal emotional states. The fetus does also have sensory capacity to be aware of some maternal behaviors, and the motor ability to respond in a way the mother can notice. Thus, very rudimentary interactions appear to be possible. Maternal awareness of fetal activity was supported by several studies. More interesting to the present study are description of maternal-fetal interaction and the finding that there appear to be levels of sensitivity to the fetus involved in maternal-fetal interactions. First, recognition comes that the fetus is separate from the maternal self. Next, the fetus engages in. Lastly, the parent may describe active interaction with the fetus, believing that mother and fetus are communicating on a meaningful level. Several interventions, developed to promote more active interaction between mother and fetus, have been reviewed. In general, the parents were taught to stimulate the fetus and to notice the fetus' responses. This type of intervention might increase the mother's sensitivity to her unborn baby, and she may have a head start toward learning how to res pond sensitivity to the newborn infant. Research In the area of maternal-fetal interaction is scarce. Sensitive behavior is construed as an appropriate and timely response to a signal of need from another person, but no such signal of need can be claimed regarding the fetus. The highest level of maternal-fetal interaction, therefore, might be based more on maternal representations of the imagined fetus than on factual evidence of fetal participation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2012

Oroxylin A is a flavone isolated from a medicinal herb reported to be effective in reducing the inflammatory and oxidative stresses. It also modulates the production of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in cortical neurons by the transactivation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). As a neurotrophin, BDNF plays roles in neuronal development, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and neural protection from the harmful stimuli. Adenosine $A2_A$ receptor colocalized with BDNF in brain and the functional interaction between $A2_A$ receptor stimulation and BDNF action has been suggested. In this study, we investigated the possibility that oroxylin A modulates BDNF production in cortical neuron through the regulation of $A2_A$ receptor system. As expected, CGS21680 ($A2_A$ receptor agonist) induced BDNF expression and release, however, an antagonist, ZM241385, prevented oroxylin A-induced increase in BDNF production. Oroxylin A activated the PI3K-Akt-GSK-$3{\beta}$ signaling pathway, which is inhibited by ZM241385 and the blockade of the signaling pathway abolished the increase in BDNF production. The physiological roles of oroxylin A-induced BDNF production were demonstrated by the increased neurite extension as well as synapse formation from neurons. Overall, oroxylin A might regulate BDNF production in cortical neuron through $A2_A$ receptor stimulation, which promotes cellular survival, synapse formation and neurite extension.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.119-133
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• 1998

Attentional processes facilitate cognitive and behavioral performance in several ways. Attention serves to reduce the amount of information to receive. Attention enables humans to direct themselves to appropriate aspects of external environmental events and internal operations. Attention facilitates the selection of salient information and the allocation of cognitive processing appropriate to that information. Attention is not a unitary process that can be localized to a single neuroanatomical region. Before the cortical registration of sensory information, activation of important subcortical structures occurs, which is called as an orienting response. Once sensory information reaches the sensory cortex, a large number of perceptual processes occur, which provide various levels of perceptual resolution of the critical features of the stimuli. After this preattentional processing, information is integrated within higher cortical(heteromodal) systems in inferior parietal and temporal lobes. At this stage, the processing characteristics can be modified, and the biases of the system have a direct impact on attentional selection. Information flow has been traced through sensory analysis to a processing stage that enables the new information to be focused and modified in relation to preexisting biases. The limbic and paralimbic system play significant roles in modulating attentional response. It is labeled with affective salience and is integrated according to ongoing pressures from the motivational drive system of the hypothalamus. The salience of information greatly influences the allocation of attention. The frontal lobe operate response selection system with a reciprocal interaction with both the attention system of the parietal lobe and the limbic system. In this attentional process, the search with the spatial field is organized and a sequence of attentional responses is generated. Affective, motivational and appectitive impulses from limbic system and hypothalamus trigger response intention, preparation, planning, initiation and control of frontal lobe on this process. The reticular system, which produces ascending activation, catalyzes the overall system and increases attentional capacity. Also additional energetic pressures are created by the hypothalamus. As psychophysiological measurement, skin conductance, pupil diameter, muscle tension, heart rate, alpha wave of EEG can be used. Event related potentials also provide physiological evidence of attention during information process. NI component appears to be an electrophysiological index of selective attention. P3 response is developed during the attention related to stimulus discrimination, evaluation and response.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.37-41
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 착유시간에 따른 우유 및 환원유 내 멜라토닌 및 코티솔 농도 변화를 살펴보았고, 이를 바탕으로 긴장완화 및 수면의 질 개선 측면에서의 우유의 기능성 식품으로써의 개발 가능성을 탐색하였다. 연구 결과, 명기에 비해 일출전 암기에 착유한 우유에서 멜라토닌 농도가 유의적으로 높았다. 환원유 내 멜라토닌 농도 또한 우유와 동일한 일주기 리듬을 보였으나, 전반적으로 우유에 비해 멜라토닌 농도가 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이에 반해 빛 이외에도 운동, 스트레스 등과 같은 요인에 의해 영향을 받는 코티솔은 착유시간에 따른 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 하지만 개체간 변이가 크지 않다고 가정하였을 때, 동지에 비해 하지에 착유한 우유 및 환원유 내 코티솔 농도가 유의적으로 높았다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 할 때, 집유 시간을 조정하여 생산한 야간 착유 우유는 내인성 멜라토닌이 풍부한 식품이며, 수면유도에 도움을 줄 수 있는 기능성 식품으로써의 개발 가능성을 가지고 있는 것으로 사료된다. 하지만 본 연구는 착유시간에 따른 원유 및 환원유 내 멜라토닌 농도의 차이만을 보여줬다는 점에서 한계를 가진다. 그러므로 착유시간에 따른 이러한 차이가 실질적으로 우유를 섭취하였을 때, 체내의 수면유도 생리활성에 영향을 미치는지 추가적으로 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 또한, 계절에 따른 우유 내 각 호르몬의 변화를 정확히 파악하기 위하여 동일한 개체를 대상으로 한 추가 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.349-361
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• 2010

본 총설에서는 아미노산의 공업적 생산균인 Corynebacterium glutamicum의 탄소 대사 및 이와 관련된 총체적 조절 메커니즘에 대한 최근의 연구를 정리하였다. C. glutamicum의 산업적 발효을 위한 기질로서 사용되는 당밀은 주로 sucrose, glucose, fructose로 이루어져 있으며, 이들 당은 phosphotransferase system을 통해서 수송된다. C. glutamicum의 탄소 대사 특징은 glucose가 다른 당이나 유기산 등과 함께 존재할 때, glucose와 이러한 탄소원 들을 동시에 대사한다. 그러나 glucose/glutamate 혹은 glucose/ethanol 등의 혼합물에서 는 탄소원의 순차적 이용으로 인해 나타나는 diauxic growth 현상을 나타내며, 이러한 carbon catabolite repression(CCR) 현상은 E. coli나 B. subtilis 등에서 알려진 것과는 다른 독특한 분자적 메커니즘과 조절 circuits을 가지고 있음이 밝혀지고 있다. C. glutamicum의 CRP homologue인 GlxR은 acetate 대사를 포함하여 glycolysis, gluconeogenesis 및 TCA cycle 등을 포함하는 중심탄소대사 조절 뿐만 아니라, 다양한 세포 기능의 조절에 관여하는 총체적 조절 단백질로서의 역할이 제시되고 있다. C. glutamicum의 adenylate cyclase(AC)는 막과 결합된 class IIIAC 로서, 막 단백질의 특성상 아직 규명되어 있지 않은 세포 외부의 환경 변화에 대응하여 세포 내의 cAMP합성 수준을 조절할 수 있는 sensor로 추정할 수 있다. 특히 C. glutamicum의 경우 배지내 glucose 를 비롯한 탄소원과 cAMP 농도와의 관련성이 E. coli에서 알려진 교과서적 지식과는 상반되게 변화하는 경향을 보이고 있어, cAMP signaling에 의한 세포 내 regulatory network 등은 향후 풀어야 할 의문으로 남아있다. 탄소대사 조절의 최상위에 존재하며 global 조절자인 GlxRcAMP 복합체 이외에도 차상위 전사조절 단백질로서 RamB, RamA, SugR 등이 존재하여 다양한 탄소대사를 조절한다. 최근 들어서는 새로운 탄소원으로서 대두되고 있는 biomass 관련 기질들을 이용할 수 있는 C. glutamucum 균주 구축을 통하여 이용 기질의 범위를 확대시키고자 하는 연구 및 탄소 대사와 관련하여 L-lysine의 발효 수율 혹은 생산성을 향상시키고자 하는 다양한 분자적 균주 육종 연구 등이 수행되고 있다.

• 정보학연구
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2002

가상현실은 인간과 컴퓨터가 서로 커뮤니케이션 할 수 있도록 하는 새로운 테크놀로지이다. 이는 사용자로 하여금 컴퓨터로 만들어진 가상의 삼차원 환경 속에서 보고, 듣고, 느끼며 그리고 가상환경과 상호 작용할 수 있도록 한다. 본 논문에서는 정신치료 분야에 가상현실을 도입하고 이를 이용한 고소공포증 노출 치료 시스템을 개발하였다. 고소공포증은 높은 곳에 올라가면 불안, 공포를 느끼며 추락할 것 같은 두려움과 함께 자기도 모르게 뛰어내릴 것 같은 불안이 공포에까지 이르는 상태이다. 이 공포증을 치료하기 위해서는 약물치료방법과 인지, 행동 치료 방법이 주로 사용되었으나 이런 기존의 방법들은 치료 효율이 떨어지며, 치료시 어려움이 있다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 최근에는 기존의 치료방법의 단점을 극복하기 위해 많은 연구에서 가상현실을 정신치료에 적용하고 있다. 가상환경은 환자에게 적절한 자극을 제공하여 환자로 하여금 공포감을 느끼도록 하고, 환자는 이러한 공포상황에 체계적으로 노출됨으로써 공포증을 극복할 수 있게 된다. 이 논문에서는 개인용 컴퓨터를 기반으로 가상 엘리베이터 시뮬레이터를 개발하여 고소공포증 치료에 이용하고자 한다. 가상 엘리베이터 시뮬레이터를 구성하기 위해 위치센서, 머리 부착형 디스플레이 장치와 사운드 시스템을 사용하였고, 치료를 위한 가상환경은 전망용 엘리베이터에서 바라본 건물들을 배경으로 구성하였다. 또한 가상현실 정신치료에서 중요한 요소로 작용하는 몰입감을 높이기 위해 머리 부착형 디스플레이 장치에 위치센서를 부착함으로써 환자의 머리이동이 가상환경에 적용되도록 하였으며, 삼차원 사운드를 적용함으로써 사실적으로 느껴지도록 하였다. 이 연구를 통하여 생체신호를 측정하여, 가상환경에 노출 전과 후의 ECG를 측정 비교하였다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2014

Objective: This study aims to present literature providing researchers with insights on specific fields of research and highlighting the major issues in the research topics. A systematic review is suggested using content analysis on literatures regarding "visual search", "eye movement", and "eye track". Background: Literature review can be classified as "narrative" or "systematic" depending on its approach in structuring the content of the research. Narrative review is a traditional approach that describes the current state of a study field and discusses relevant topics. However, since literatures on specific area cover a broad range, reviewers inherently give subjective weight on specific issues. On the contrary, systematic review applies explicit structured methodology to observe the study trends quantitatively. Method: We collected meta-data of journal papers using three search keywords: visual search, eye movement, and eye track. The collected information contains an unstructured data set including many natural languages which compose titles and abstracts, while the keyword of the journal paper is the only structured one. Based on the collected terms, seven categories were evaluated by inductive categorization and quantitative analysis from the chronological trend of the research area. Results: Unstructured information contains heavier content on "stimuli" and "condition" categories as compared with structured information. Studies on visual search cover a wide range of cognitive area whereas studies on eye movement and eye track are closely related to the physiological aspect. In addition, experimental studies show an increasing trend as opposed to the theoretical studies. Conclusion: By systematic review, we could quantitatively identify the characteristic of the research keyword which presented specific research topics. We also found out that the structured information was more suitable to observe the aim of the research. Chronological analysis on the structured keyword data showed that studies on "physical eye movement" and "cognitive process" were jointly studied in increasing fashion. Application: While conventional narrative literature reviews were largely dependent on authors' instinct, quantitative approach enabled more objective and macroscopic views. Moreover, the characteristics of information type were specified by comparing unstructured and structured information. Systematic literature review also could be used to support the authors' instinct in narrative literature reviews.