• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.908-913
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• 2004

Farfrae Flos has been clinically used for the treatment of asthma in traditional oriental medicine. There is lack of studies regarding the effects of Farfrae Flos on the immunological activities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Farfrae Flos on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) for the immunological activities in Raw 264.7 cells. In Raw 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic inflammation, Farfrae Flos water extract inhibited nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner and abrogated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Farfrae Flos water extract did not affect on cell viability. To investigate the mechanism by which Farfrae Flos water extract inhibits iNOS and COX-2 gene expression, we examined the on the phospholylation of inhibitor κBα and production of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Results provided evidence that Farfrae Flos inhibited the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and the activation of phospholylation of inhibitor κBα in Raw 264.7 cells activated with LPS. These findings suggest that Farfrae Flos can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.321-329
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Yongdamsagantang (YST) on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) for the immunological activities in RAW 264.7 cells. After the treatment of YST water extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phospholylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B alpha ($p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$) were determined by Immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results provided evidences that YST inhibited the production of NO. iNOS, and interleukin-6, and the activation of $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ in RAW 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide. These findings showed that YST could have some anti-inflammatory effects which might play a role in therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.28-38
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• 2008

In traditional oriental medicine, Gentianae Radix has been used clinically for clearing away 'heat', removing dampness and purging fire in the liver and gall bladder. However, there has been a lack of studies regarding the effects of Gentianae Radix on the immunological activities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Gentianae Radix on the regulatory effects of cytokines and nitric oxide(NO) for the immunological activities in Raw 264.7 cells. After the treatment of Gentianae Radix MeOH extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. The expression of COX-2 and iNOS was determined by immunoblot analysis, and the content of levels of cytokines in media was analyzed by ELISA kit. Results provided evidence that Gentianae Radix inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), $interleukin-l{\beta}$ $(IL-l{\beta})$ and IL-6, and the activation of phospholylation of inhibitor ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ ($p-I {\kappa}B{\alpha}$) in Raw 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These findings suggest that Gentianae Radix can make anti-inflammatory effect, which may playa role in adjunctive therapy.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.3-11
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• 1992

As concentration of ADP was increased, the rate of phosphocreatine formation by respiring heart mitochondria was increased. The value of apparent Km of the phosphocreatine-forming mitochondria for ADP was estimated to be 0.0185 mM. This value was much lower than that of Km for ATP (0.31 mM) which was determined from the reaction of the soluble form of mitochondrial creatine kinase. The concentration of ATP remained constant during the respiring in the presence of ADP. The rate of accumulation of oxidative-phosphorylated ATP in the mitochondrial respiration medium was continuously monitored as a function of ADP concentration with the firefly luciferase-coupled assay. In that case, exogenous creatine did not affect the rate of accumulation of ATP, indicating that phosphocreatine-forming (i.e.,respiring) mitochondria in the presence of ADP did not use the ATP in the medium as a substrate.These results suggest that the heart mitochondrial creatine kinase bound to the inner membrane functionally tight-coupled to the oxidative phosphorylating system with respect to the respired ATP.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 2005

Objectives : Scrophulariae Radix (SRE) is commonly used in combination with other herbs as a nutrient and health strengthening agent, and to remove 'heat' and replenish vital essence. The water-based extract of this herb can lower blood pressure in both anesthetized and concious animals, and exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity. But, there is lack of studies regarding the effects of SRE on the immunological activities in molecular levels. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SRE on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in Raw 264.7 cells. Method : After the treatment of Scrophulariae Radix methanol extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. COX-2 and iNOS were determined by Immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results : Results provided evidence that SRE inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), $interleukin-1{\beta}\;(IL-1{\beta})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the activation of phospholylation of inhibitor ${\kappa}B{\alpha}\;(p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha})$ in Raw 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Conclusion : These findings suggest that Scrophulariae Radix can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may playa role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

SunBangHwalMyungEum (SBH) has the effects of subduing swelling, resolving masses and alleviating pain in traditional oriental medicine. Recent studies showed that SunBangHwalMyungEum produced anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immuno-modulatory effects. However there is lack of studies regarding the effects of SBH on the immunological activities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of SBH on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in Raw 264.7 cells. Methods : After the treatment of SBH, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results : Results provided evidence that SBH inhibited the production of NO, iNOS, $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($(IL-1{\beta})$), IL-6, and the activation of phospholylation of inhibitor ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ in Raw 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide. Conclusions : These findings suggest that SBH can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.880-886
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• 2004

Phellinus igniarius has been clinically used for the treatment of hemorrhoidal fistula, dysmenorrhea and the prevention of cancer in traditional oriental medicine. Recent studies showed that Phellinus igniarius produced anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immuno-modulatory effects, There is lack of studies regarding the effects of Phellinus igniarius on the immunological activities. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Phellinus igniarius on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) for the immunological activities in Raw 264,7 cells. After the treatment of Phellinus igniarius water extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. COX-2 and iNOS were determined by Immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results provided evidence that Phellinus igniarius inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the activation of phospholylation of inhibitor κBα (p-IκBα) in Raw 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These findings suggest that Phellinus igniarius can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.