• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.136-143
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• 1995

The effect of additive chemistry on the serface fatigue of gears was investigated using the FZG gear tester and fluids based on an API GL-5 grade oil. Surface fatigue lives were determined as a function of load and additive chemistry. At 1.52 GPa, the removal of the primary extreme pressure additive (EP) from the fully formulated gear oil decreased the fatigue life of gears slightly (4%), however, the removal of the primary antiwear additive (AW) decreased the fatigue life of gears significantly (83%). At 1.86 GPa, the removal of the EP additive from the fully formulated gear oil decresed the gear fatigue life 27%, however, the removal of the primary AW additive decreased the fatigue life of gears significantly (75%). Micropitting was the dominant surface morphology in the dedendum of gears tested With two oils at load stage: one using the complete additive package, and a second where the EP additive has been removed. However, spalling is the primary failure mode of gears tested without an AW additive independent of whether an EP agent was present. Surface analysis of pinion gears showed the formation of a mixed phosphate/phosphite-oxide layer on the surface of gears tested with fluids containing an AW. Formation of this layer seems to be key to long fatigue life.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.294-301
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• 1999

제미널 비스포스폰에이트기를 포함하는 화합물들은 칼슘과 관련된 다양한 질병들 즉 Paget's disease, 악성칼슘과다증, 골다공증등에 약효가 있는 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 이러한 화합물을 합성하기 위하여 먼저 methylvhyl ketone과 triethylphosphite를 가지고 5배 위된 옥사포스포린 화합물을 합성하였다. 이렇게 합성된 5배위 결합된 옥사포스프린을 bromination, 응용된 Westheimer반응, 그리고 가수분해를 통해서 Y-keto-bisphosphonates를 얻을 수 있었다. 그리고 이 Y-ketobisphosphonates 화합물들은 환원성아민화를 이용해서 N-알킬화된 Y-aminobisphosphonates로 전환하였다. 이렇게 합성된 2차아민 형태의 N-알킬화된 Y-aminobisphosphonates는 N-알킬화반응으로 3차아민을 만든 후 N,N디알킬화된Y-aminobisphosphonates 화합물로 합성할 수 있었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.378-384
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• 2010

Regenerated cellulose was prepared from Buckeye wood pulp V60 via dissolution in N-methylmorpholin N-oxide (NMMO) solvent system. The effect of antioxidants such as, n-propylgallate (PG), tris(nonylphenyl) phosphite (TRIS), ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA), and magnesium sulfate on the properties of regenerated cellulose was studied using X-ray diffraction, copper index calculation, and viscometry. Only addition of more than 0.01% of PG into NMMO solvent was effective to avoid the reduction of the degree of polymerization(DP) of regenerated cellulose during dissolution at $110^{\circ}C$. However, the early stage(within 0.5h of dissolution process) degradation of cellulose was not prevented eventhough up to 0.5% PG was appled to hot NMMO system. In addition, to recover the expensive NMMO after cellulose regenerating process, the washing filtrate was studied using simple techniques, such as refractive index, pH, and conductivity measurements. Through conductivity measurement result, 4-time of washing was enough to remove the NMMO completely from regenerated cellulose.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.912-918
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• 2009

An optically active diacid containing the L-histidine moiety was prepared by reacting pyromellitic dianhydride (1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid 1,2,4,5-dianhydride) 1 with L-histidine 2 in acetic acid, and was polymerized with several aromatic diamines 5a-g to obtain a new series of optically active poly(amide-imide)s (PAIs) using two different methods, such as direct polycondensation in a medium consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)/triphenyl phosphite (TPP)/calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$)/pyridine (Py) and direct polycondensation in a tosyl chloride (TsCl)/pyridine (Py)/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) system as a condensation agent. The resulting new polymers 6a-g with inherent viscosity was obtained in good yield. The polymers were readily soluble in polar organic solvents, such as N,N-dimethyacetamide (DMAc), N,N-dimethyformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The obtained polymers were characterized by FTIR, specific rotation, elemental analysis as well as $^1$H-NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The thermal stability of the resulting PAIs was evaluated with thermogravimetric analysis techniques under a nitrogen atmosphere.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.739-745
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• 2009

N,N'-(bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-7-ene-tetracarboxylic)-bis-L-amino acids 3a-g were synthesized by the condensation reaction of bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride 1 with two equimolars of Lalanine 2a, L-valine 2b, L-leucine 2c, L-isoleucine 2d, L-phenyl alanine 2e, L-2-aminobutyric acid 2f and L-histidine 2g in an acetic acid solution. Seven new poly(amide-imide)s PAIs 5a-g were synthesized through the direct polycondensation reaction of seven chiral N,N'-(bicyclo[2,2,2]oct-7-ene-tetracarboxylic)-bis-L-amino acids 3a-g with bis(3-amino phenyl) phenyl phosphine oxide 4 by two different methods: direct polycondensation in a medium consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)/triphenyl phosphite (TPP)/calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$/pyridine (py), and direct polycondensation in a tosyl chloride (TsCl)/pyridine (py)/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) system. The polymerization reaction produced a series of flame-retardant and thermally stable poly(amide-imide)s 5a-g with high yield. The resulted polymers were fully characterized by FTIR, $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, inherent viscosity, specific rotation and solubility tests. Data obtained by thermal analysis (TGA and DTG) revealed that the good thermal stability of these polymers. These polymers can be potentially utilized in flame retardant thermoplastic materials.

• 공업화학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.270-274
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 고농도 무전해 니켈도금 폐액을 처리하기 위한 고도산화공정 기술을 개발하였다. 추출, 농축 공정을 이용한 니켈 금속 회수보다는 폐수를 방류수 수준으로 처리할 수 있는 기술 개발을 위하여 차아인산염과 아인산염을 침전이 용이한 인산염으로 효과적으로 전환시킬 수 있는 공정 개발에 초점을 맞추었다. 광화학적 방법인 $UV/H_2O_2$ 방식을 채택하여 COD, $PO_4-P$ 변화 효율 및 과산화수소의 소모량을 분석함으로써 고농도 무전해 니켈도금 폐액의 고도산화처리 특성을 평가하였다. 특히, $UV/H_2O_2/O_3$ 방식으로 오존산화법을 추가함으로써 과산화수소 사용량을 30% 가량 절감하고 처리시간을 약 6 h 단축시킬 수 있었다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.617-627
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• 2006

Statement of problem: HA has been used as a coating material on Ti implants to improve osteoconductivity. However. it is difficult to form uniform HA coatings on implants with complex surface geometries using a plasma spraying technique. Purpose : To determine if Ti6Al4V sintered porous-surfaced implants coated with HA sol-gel coated and hydrothermal treated would accelerate osseointegration. Materials and Methods : Porous implants which were made by electric discharge were used in this study. Implants were anodized and hydrothermal treatment or HA sol-gel coating was performed. Hydrothermal treatment was conducted by high pressure steam at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours using a autoclave. To make a HA sol, triethyl phosphite and calcium nitrate were diluted and dissolved in anhydrous ethanol and mixed. Then anodized implant were spin-coated with the prepared HA sols and heat treated. Samples were soaked in the Hanks solution with pH 7.4 at $37^{\circ}C$ for 6 weeks. The microstructure of the specimens was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the composition of the surface layer was analyzed with an energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Results : The scanning electron micrographs of HA sol-gel coated and hydrothermal treated surface did not show any significant change in the size or shape of the pores. After immersion in Hanks' solution the precipitated HA crystals covered macro- and micro-pores The precipitated Ca and P increased in Hanks' solution that surface treatment caused increased activity. Conclusion : This study shows that sol-gel coated HA and hydrothermal treatment significantly enhance the rate of HA formation due to the altered surface chemistry.

• 폴리머
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.10-13
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• 2006

의료용 등급의 폴리프로필렌 수지에 감마선을 조사한 후 내방사선성에 대한 산화방지제와 열처리의 효과에 대해 연구하였다. 폴리프로필렌과 여러 종류의 산화방지제를 혼합하고 이를 시이트 형태로 제작하여 질소분위기에서 25 kGy로 감마선 조사하였다. 감마선을 조사한 폴리프로필렌 시이트에 대해 산화방지제 종류 및 함량에 따른 색도 변화와 기계적 강도 변화를 조사하였으며 감마선 조사 후의 열처리 조건에 따른 라디칼 잔존량과 산화지수의 변화를 측정하였다. 페놀계 및 아민계 산화방지제보다는 인계 산화방지제를 폴리프로필렌에 혼합하였을 때 감마선 조사 후 색도 변화를 최소화할 수 있었다. $130\;^{\circ}C$에서 30분 동안의 열처리에 의해 산화의 원인이 되는 자유라디칼을 충분히 제거할 수 있어 열처리하지 않은 폴리프로필렌보다 낮은 산화지수를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.934-940
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• 2010

The reduction of [$Os_3(CO)_{11}P(OMe)_3$] and subsequent ionic coupling of the reduced species with $[Ru({\eta}^5-C_5H_5)(CH_3CN)_3]^+$ resulted in the formation of [$Os_3(CO)_{11}P(OMe)_3(Ru({\eta}^5-C_5H_5))_2$] which can be converted to spiked tetrahedral cluster, [$HOs_3(CO)_{11}P(OMe)_3Ru_2({\eta}^5-C_5H_5)(C_5H_4)$] via the intramolecular hydrogen transfer. Due to the unavailability of a suitable single crystal, the PW91/SDD and LDA/SDD density functional methods were used to predict possible structures and the available spectroscopic information (IR, NMR) of [$Os_3(CO)_{11}P(OMe)_3(Ru({\eta}^5-C_5H_5))_2$]. The most probable geometry found by constrained search is the isomer (a2) in which the phosphite, $P(OMe)_3$, occupies an axial position on one of the two osmium atoms that is edge bridged by the $Ru(CO)_2({\eta}^5-C_5H_5)$ unit. By using the most probably geometry, the predicted infrared frequencies and $^1H$, $^{13}C$ and $^{31}P$ NMR chemical shifts of the compound are in the same range as the experimental values. For this type of complex, the LDA/SDD method is appropriate for IR predictions whereas the OPBE/IGLO-II method is appropriate for NMR predictions. The activation energy and reaction energy of the intramolecular hydrogen transfer coupled with the structural change of the transition metal framework were estimated at the PW91/SDD level to be 110.32 and -0.14 kcal/mol respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.266-271
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• 2014

Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene(PC/ABS) 블렌드의 분해효과를 조사하기 위해 고전단 압출 성형기의 스크류 회전속도와 전단시간의 함수로 PC/ABS의 물성변화에 영향을 미치는 산화방지제의 효과를 연구하였다. 인산계 산화방지제로 Tris-(2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenyl phosphate) (이후 A1로 명명) and Bis(2,4-dicumylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite(이후 A3로 명명)가 사용되었고, 페놀계 산화방지제는 Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate(이후 A2로 명명)가 사용되었다. 열적 물성은 TGA를 통해 측정되었고 고속 전단 가공 후 크게 감소하였다. 산화방지제 A3가 포함된 PC/ABS 블렌드는 다른 산화방지제에 비해 스트레스로 유발된 degradation과, 열적 degradation이 지연되었다. 고속 전단 가공 후 UTM을 사용한 기계적 물성 또한 산화방지제 종류에 따라 각각 감소하였고, 특히, 신율의 경우 크게 감소하는 거동이 나타난 것에 비해 인장강도의 변화는 매우 적었다. 스크류 회전속도 1000 rpm, 전단부하 시간 20초 조건에서의 신율로 예를 들면, 고속 전단 가공하기 전 신율인 148%에서 A1은 91.6%, A2는 63%, A3은 131%로 감소하였다. 형태학적 물성을 알기 위해 SEM을 사용하여 PC/ABS의 분산상을 조사하였고, 스크류 회전속도와 하중이 작용한 기간이 증가함에 따라 그 크기 분포가 감소하였다. 따라서, 세 종류 산화방지제 모두 고속 전단 가공에서 스트레스로 유발되는 PC/ABS 블렌드의 degradation을 억제하고, 그 효과는 A3가 가장 뛰어난 것을 확인하였다.