• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.554-559
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• 1996

An utterance is normally divided into two or more intonation groups. Bach intonation group has its intonation pattern. Pitch movement of Spanish utterance is basically determined by a combination of two factors: position of the stressed syllables and the intonation pattern. The pitch of a syllable can be affected by that of preceding syllables. This is rather a physiological effect than a phonological one.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2015

Denasalization that nasals are replaced by stops is an unusual error pattern related to manner of articulation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of denasalization and to scrutinize the nasal production according to phonological context for typically developing children and children with speech sound disorders(SSD). 220 typically developing children and 48 SSD children from 2~6 years of age were tested with a formal word test, and those who demonstrate denasalization were selected. In addition, the nasal production of SSD children with denasalization were analyzed for the correctness and the error types using the formal word test and spontaneous conversation. The results were as follows: (1) Denasalization was shown in below 10% of 2-3 years of age with typically developing children and in above 20% of 2-5 years of age with SSD. (2) The SSD children who demonstrate denasalization were categorized into 4 types according to the error context of nasals; nasal errors with all word positions, nasal errors with word-final and word-medial positions, nasal errors with word-medial position preceding vowels, and nasal errors with word-medial position preceding obstruents. These results indicate that denasalization is a clinically important error pattern, and word-medial position preceding obstruents is an essential context for denasalization in terms of Korean phonotactics.

• 음성과학
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• 제1권
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• pp.113-135
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• 1997

This study aims to present some notes on the French syllabic structure based on the relation between the intonation pattern and the stressed syllable. The recent phonetico-phonological study is mainly focussed on the notion of syllable. However it is quite difficult to analyse the syllable structure because of its complexity. In this paper I have tried to analyse the French syllabic structure both in phonetics and in phonology. This paper contains three parts. First of all, in section 2, the notion of syllable and the French prosodic phenomena are reviewed phonetically, and is phonologically focused on the intonation pattern. Secondly, in section 3, I have analyzed the relation between the intonation. pattern and the stressed syllable in French based on CSL analyses. Finally, in section 4, I have suggested some syllabic structure patterns in French based on the analyses in section 3. This. is an attempt to further the inter-disciplinary study between phonetics and phonology, and also an attempt to settle on a model of phonological French syllabic structure. I have left the application of the result of this study as a future subject to study. But still, the result of this study can serve as a basic reference for those who are studying French and for students who are would like to learn about French syllabic structure.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제35_36호
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• pp.49-61
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• 1998

The study on the intonational characteristics is concentrated on the lowering of the pitch level that is described as declination and downstep. The Taegu dialect, which has phonological accentual system, has these phonetic characteristics in affirmative sentences or Yes-No Question sentences. But there is the opposite phenomenon in WH question sentences in Taegu dialect. When the accent of interrogative word in the sentence intial position is LHL, intonation pattern shows a continuous upward movement, indicating that intonation pattern of Taegu dialect is influenced by not only grammatical system but also accentual system.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.797-820
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• 2013

본 논문은 초등학교 예비교사 100명을 대상으로 수학적 '문제 만들기'의 문장에 나타나는 오류를 분석하고 그에 대한 간단한 예방책을 기술한 논의이다. '문제 만들기' 문장에는 '음운 오류, 단어 오류, 문장 오류, 의미 오류, 표기 오류' 등 5가지 오류 유형이 나타났다. 이를 다시 14개의 세부 유형으로 구분하여 세부적으로 논의하였다. 곧 음운 오류의 유형은 'ㄹ'첨가 오류와 조사끼리의 준말 사용 오류가 있다. 단어 오류는 크게 '부적절한 사용 오류'와 '부당한 생략 오류'로 구분하고 이를 다시 조사, 어미, 어휘의 사용 오류와 조사와 어휘의 부당한 생략 오류로 유형화하였다. 문장 오류는 '지시 대상의 오류, 문장 성분의 생략 오류, 어순 오류, 자체 비문'의 네 가지로 유형화하였다. 의미 오류는 논리적 모순 관계 오류와 중의성을 띄는 의미 오류에 대해서만 논의하였고, 표기 오류는 띄어쓰기와 문장 부호, 철자에 관한 한글 맞춤법 오류와 외래어 표기법 오류 등에 대하여 논의하였다. 또한 14개의 문법적 세부 오류 유형을 방지하기 위한 예방책을 제시하였다. 먼저 구어와 문어의 차이를 인식하고, 둘째 글을 쓰는 문어 상황에 맞도록 구어적 표현을 지양하도록 하는 것, 셋째 국어 기본 문형 학습에 대한 강조, 넷째 단어 의미의 명확한 이해를 바탕으로 한 의미의 논리적 전개 인식을 제안하였으며, 끝으로 국어 어문 규정에 대한 학습을 제안하였다. 그리고 대학생 글쓰기 교육에 대한 필요성에 대한 재인식을 결론으로 갈음하였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

Korean alveolar fricatives are late-developing speech sounds. Most previous research on phonemes used individual words or pseudo words to produce sounds, but word-level phonological analysis does not always reflect a child's practical articulation ability. Also, there has been limited research on articulation development looking at speech production by grammatical morphemes despite its importance in Korean language. Therefore, this research examines the articulation development and phonological patterns of the /s/ phoneme in terms of morphological types produced in children's spontaneous conversational speech. The subjects were twenty-two typically developing 3- and 4-year-old Koreans. All children showed normal levels in three screening tests: hearing, vocabulary, and articulation. Spontaneous conversational samples were recorded at the children's homes. The results are as follows. The error rates decreased with increasing age in all morphological contexts. Also, error percentages within an age group were significantly lower in lexical morphemes than in grammatical morphemes. The stopping of fricative sounds was the main error pattern in all morphological contexts and reduced as age increased. This research shows that articulation performance can differ significantly by morphological contexts. The present study provides data that can be used to identify the difficult context for articulatory evaluation and therapy of alveolar fricative sounds.

• 음성과학
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.71-87
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• 2004

Korean has a pair of voiceless fricatives, whose laryngeal manifestation comes in parallel to stops and affricates with a three-way lexical contrast. Prior phonetic studies by Kagaya (1974), Iverson (1983), and Kang (1999, 2000) point out /s/ is associated with multiple characteristics of the larynx shared with not only the lax but also the aspirated series, whereas /s' / carries a laryngeal distinction typical of the tense consonants. The complex dual nature of /s/ is again supported by a psycholinguistic study by Kang (2004), as /s/ was found to interact with /$c^h$/ (17% of the time) as well as /c/ (57%) in speech errors. In addition, a recent work by Cho and Lee (2003) notes an interesting chain shift case in the acquisition of the fricatives. Although they observed a significant phonological pattern between child English and Korean, Cho and Lee's description of acquiring fricatives is far from being precise from the perspective of phonetics. From a longitudinal study of recorded tapes by two children at 1;7-3;8 and 1;7-2;1 respectively, I found that /s' / was usually substituted into tense noncontinuants in young children's early production as predicted, whereas /s/ having both lax and aspirated-like glottal properties revealed a complicated pattern of substitutions into lax, tense, and aspirated noncontinuants with a varying degree of preference relative to the subjects. The current acquisition study supports the previous claims concerning fricatives in other languages, showing that their acquisition comes after stops. Besides, it also notes that Korean fricatives are subject to a series of phonological processes called stopping, affricating, tensifying and palatalizing during the transitional period of phonological development by young children. Moreover, between the two voiceless types, /s/ was acquired earlier than /s'/ as the unmarked segment.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2014

Many studies have reported an age-related decline in the ability to spell words correctly. The aim of this study was to investigate the deterioration on retrieving orthographic knowledge in 64 normal elderly Korean persons. The subjects were 64 in total: they were composed of 22 persons in their 50s, 20 persons in their 60s, and 22 persons in their 70s or older. We instructed them to write from a dictation of 60 words stimuli (20 regular words, 20 irregular words, 20 nonwords). Older adults made more errors than younger adults, and the age-related decline in performance was greater for irregular than regular and nonwords. With respect to the error pattern in the irregular words, the subjects showed more phonological plausible errors than phonological implausible errors. The number of self-correction was high in nonwords. Based on the results, we found that aging differentially affects the retrieval of orthographic knowledge on regular, irregular and nonwords.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2004년도 춘계 학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.161-163
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• 2004

This study concerns the constraints of English Poetic Fixed Meter. In English poems, the metrical pattern doesn't always match the linguistic stress on the lines. These mismatches are found differently among the poets. For the lexical stress mismatched with the weak metrical position, ${\ast}W{\Rightarrow}$ Strength is established by the concept of the strong syllable. The peaked monosyllabic word mismatched with weak metrical position is divided according to which side of the boundary of a phonological domain it is adjacent to. In most poets, ${\ast}$Peak] is ranked higher than ${\ast}$[Peak. In Shakespeare, Adjacency Constraint is ranked higher than ${\ast}$Peak].

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.233-242
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• 2003

TTS(Text-To-Speech) 시스템은 텍스트 문장을 자연스러운 음성으로 출력하는 시스템이다. 자연스러운 음성을 출력하기 위해서 언어에 대한 전문적 지식을 비롯하여 많은 시간과 노력이 요구된다. 또한 영어의 음운 변환은 음소에 따라 형태소에 따라 의미에 따라 다양한 변환을 가진다. 이를 일괄적으로 처리하기란 매우 힘든 일이다. 이러한 문제들을 해결하기 위하여 모음과 자음의 변화의 규칙을 적용한 시스템을 구현한다. 이 시스템은 문장의 분석을 통해 분류하고 음소 규칙 데이터를 통해 자연스러운 음성을 출력하게 되는 이전 과정을 통해 특수문자나 숫자 등을 정규화하여 처리한다. 이렇게 처리된 문자 데이터를 운율규칙을 통해 최종 출력한다. 그 결과, 40개의 음소 규칙 데이터를 통해 보다. 정확한 음성을 출력할 수 있었으며, 시스템의 효율성도 높였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 시스템은 각종 통신장비와 자동화기기에 적용하여 다양한 분야에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.