• 접착 및 계면
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2001

트리카프릴메틸 암모니움 클로라이드를 상이동촉매로 사용하여 $Na_2S_2O_8$의 수용액과 톨루엔의 이상계에서 질소분위기하에 $60^{\circ}C$에서 스티렌의 라디칼중합을 행하였다. 중합시의 초기 중합속도는 촉매와 $Na_2S_2O_8$의 초기공급 농도보다는 수용액 상에서의 4급 암모늄양이온과 퍼록시디슬페이트 음이온의 농도로 나타낼 수 있었다. 관찰된 초기중합속도를 사용하여 분균일 액-액계에서의 순환 상이동에 의한 개시과정을 포함한 중함메카니즘을 밝힐 수 있었다. 폴리스티렌의 점도평균분자량은 $Na_2S_2O_8$의 농도에 역비례하였는데, 라디칼 중합메카니즘에 의하여 $[Q^+]([S_2O{_8}^{2-}]{\alpha}_2)^{1/2}$로 나타내어졌다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2000

This study investigated heat transfer characteristics of refrigeration system using new type aluminium heat transfer tube for evaporator of refrigeration and air-conditioning comparing with bare tube. From the result of heat transfer experiment form one phase flow using cooled and hot water, about 20% heat transfer performance is superior in case of same quantity of flow and about 4% heat transfer performance if superior in case of same velocity comparing with bare tube. Casing of two phase flow, heat transfer performance of new type aluminum heat transfer tube shows about 50% superior heat transfer performance comparing with bare tube in the same evaporating pressure when using heat transfer tube as evaporator and shows about 47% increase when expressing performance coefficient as the rate of refrigerating capacity and compressing work. However, it can be known that pressure drop in the heat transfer tube is taken higher value of about 18% in case of new type aluminum heat transfer tube. From the above result, new type aluminum heat transfer tube is excellent comparing with bare heat transfer tube using the existing heat exchanger for refrigerator.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.248-258
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• 2008

현재 인터넷은 응용계층에서 HTTP를 사용하고 트랜스포트 계층에서는 TCP를 사용하여 서비스를 제공하고 있다. 새롭게 제안된 전송 계층 프로토콜인 SCTP(Stream Control Transmission Protocol)는 슬로우 스타트 기간 동안에 초기 윈도우의 값 등을 제외하고는 TCP와 유사한 혼잡 제어 메커니즘을 사용한다. 본 논문에서는 이 점에 주목하여 슬로우 스타트 기간 동안에 HTTP over SCTP의 평균 전송 시간을 구하는 수학적 모델을 제시하고 이를 기존의 HTTP over TCP와 비교한다. 비교 결과는 HTTP over SCTP의 평균 전송 시간이 HTTP over TCP의 그것보다 평균 11 % 우수함을 보여준다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1026-1036
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• 2004

In this study, single-phase heat transfer experiments were conducted with Oblong Shell and Plate heat exchanger using water. An experimental water loop has been developed to measure the single-phase heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in a vertical Oblong Shell and Plate heat exchanger. Downflow of hot water in one channel receives heat from the cold water upflow of water in the other channel. Similar to the case of a plate heat exchanger, even at a very low Reynolds number, the flow in the Oblong Shell and Plate heat exchanger remains turbulent. The present data show that the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop increase with the Reynolds number. Based on the present data, empirical correlations of the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in terms of Nusselt number and friction factor were proposed. Also, performance prediction analyses for Oblong Shell and Plate heat exchanger were executed and compared with experiments. $\varepsilon$-NTU method was used in this prediction program. Independent variables are flow rates and inlet temperatures. Compared with experimental data, the accuracy of the program is within the error bounds of $\pm$5% in the heat transfer rate.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.410-416
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• 1995

The proton transfer energies of gas phase glycine and alanine and those of hydrated glycine and alanine were calculated both with Hartree-Fock and $M{\Phi}ller-Plesset$ ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations with 6-31G** basis set. The transition states of the proton transfer of gas phase glycine was also investigated. For zwitterions, both for glycine and alanine, the water bound to -NH3+ site stabilize the complex more compared with the water bound to -CO2-. The proton transfer energy, ΔEpt, of glycine, alanine, mono-hydrated glycine, mono-hydrated alanine, di-hydrated glycine and di-hydrated alanine were obtained as 30.78 (MP2: 22.57), 31.43, 23.99 (MP2: 17.00), 24.98, 22.87, and 25.63 kcal/mol, respectively. The activation energy for proton transfer from neutral (Nt) glycine to zwitterion (Zw) glycine, Ea, was obtained as 16.13 kcal/mol and that for reverse process, Ear, was obtained as 0.85 kcal/mol. Since the transition state of the proton transfer of gas phase glycine locate near the glycine zwitterion on the potential energy surface and the shape of the potential well of the zwitterion is shallow, the zwitterion easily changed to neutral glycine through the proton transfer.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2000년도 추계학술발표대회 및 bio-venture fair
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• pp.73-76
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• 2000

A novel, continuous bioreactor system combining a bubble column (absorption section) and a two-phase bioreactor (degradation section) has been designed to treat a gas stream containing benzene. The bubble column contained hexadecane as an absorbent for benzene, and was systemically chosen considering physical, biological, environmental, operational and economic factors. This solvent has infinite solubility for benzene and very low volatility. After absorbing benzene in the bubble column, the hexadecane served as the organic phase of the two-phase partitioning bioreactor, transferring benzene into the aqueous phase where it was degraded by Alcaligenes xylosoxidans Y234. The hexadecane was then continuously recirculated back to the absorber section for the removal of additional benzene. All mass transfer and biodegradation characteristics in this system were investigated prior to operation of the integrated unit, and these included: the mass transfer rate of benzene in the absorption column, the mass transfer rate of benzene from the organic phase into the aqueous phase in the two-phase bioreactor, the stripping rate of benzene out of the two-phase bioreactor, etc. All of these parameters were incorporated into model equations, which were used to investigate the effects of operating conditions on the performance of the system. Several experiments were conducted to show the feasibility of this system. This process is believed to be very practical for the treatment of high concentrations of gaseous pollutants.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.451-464
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• 2008

삼상 역 유동층은 유동하거나 부유하는 입자의 크기가 매우 작은 경우나 유동입자의 밀도가 액체보다 작은 담체나 접촉매체 또는 촉매전달물질인 경우에 생물반응기, 발효공정, 폐수처리공정, 흡착, 흡수공정 등에 매우 효과적으로 사용될 수 있어서 그 적용성은 날로 증대되고 있다. 그러나, 삼상 역 유동층에 대해서는 많은 연구가 진행되지 않아 왔으며 수력학적 특성에 대한 연구조차도 미흡한 실정이다. 삼상 역 유동층을 이용한 많은 종류의 반응기와 공정들의 운전과 설계 그리고 scale-up을 위해서는 삼상 역 유동층에서 수력학적 특성과 열전달과 물질전달과 같은 이동현상에 대한 정보는 필수적이라는 것은 자명한 사실이다. 따라서, 본 총설에서는 삼상 역 유동층에 대한 정보들을 공학적 측면에서 요약하고 재정리하여서 이 분야의 현장에서 필요한 지식들을 제안하고자 하였다. 본 논문은 수력학적 특성, 열전달 특성 그리고 물질전달 특성의 세 부분으로 이루어져있다. 즉, 수력학적 특성 부분에서는 운전변수가 상 체류량, 기포의 특성 그리고 유동입자의 분산에 미치는 영향을 검토하였으며, 열전달 특성 부분에서는 삼상 역 유동층에서의 운전변수가 열전달 계수에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였고, 열전달 모델에 대한 정리를 하였으며, 물질전달 특성 부분에서는 운전변수가 연속액상의 축방향 분산계수 및 액상 부피물질전달계수에 미치는 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. 또한, 각 절에서 유동입자의 최소유동화속도, 상 체류량, 기포특성, 유동입자의 요동빈도수 및 유동입자의 분산 등과 같은 수력학적 특성과 열전달 계수 그리고 연속액상의 축방향 확산계수와 물질전달계수 등을 예측할 수 있는 상관식들을 제안하였다. 본 총설의 마지막 절에서는 삼상 역 유동층의 공업적 응용을 위해 앞으로 더 연구해야하는 내용에 대해 제안을 하였다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.1310-1317
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• 2015

Two-phase flow boiling heat transfer in micro-channels was experimently investigated. The test section consisted of 15 rectangular micro-channels with a depth of 0.45mm, width of 0.20mm. The experiments were performed for heat fluxes ranging from 5.6 to 46.1kW/m2 and mass fluxes from 150 to 450kg/m2s using FC-72 as the working fluid. According to the results, at the low heat flux region, heat transfer coefficient strongly depends on the heat flux, while heat transfer coefficient at the high heat flux region was independent on the heat flux. Four correlations were used to predict the heat transfer coefficient. The measured heat transfer coefficient was compared with four correlations. It was found that Kaew-On and Wongwises's correlation well predicted the measured data, within the MAE of 40.3%.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.814-819
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• 2005

The phase change heat transfer has been applied to the processes of machines as well as of manufacturing. The cycle in a heat exchanger includes the phase change phenomena of coolant for air conditioning, the solidification in casting process makes use of the characteristics of phase change of metal, and the welding also proceeds with melting and solidification. To predict the phase change processes, the experimental and numerical approaches are available. In the case of numerical analysis, the Enthalpy method is most widely applied to the phase change problem, comparing to the other numerical methods, i.e. the Equivalent Specific Heat method and the Temperature Recovery method. It's because that the Enthalpy method is accurate and straightforward. The Enthalpy method does not include any correction step while the correction of final temperature field is inevitable in the Equivalent Specific Heat method and the Temperature Recovery method. When the temperature field is to be used in the calculation, however, there must be converting process from enthalpy to temperature in the calculation scheme of Enthalpy method. In this study, an improved method for the Equivalent Specific Heat method is introduced whose method dose not include the correction steps and takes temperature as an independent variable so that the converting between enthalpy and temperature does not need any more. The improved method is applied to the solidification process of pure metal to see the differences of conventional and improved methods.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.96-104
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• 2000

This paper represents to develop a computer software system which is capable to analyze the phase transformation of high strength steel(BV-AH32) and to predict heat transfer and welding residual stress due to phase transformation during Gas Metal Arc(GMA) welding. The developed model was considered temperature dependent properties such as young's modules, coefficient of thermal expansion and yield stress as well as the double ellipsoidal heat distribution by the moving arc. From the results, it was found that the longitudinal and transverse residual stresses calculated by the coupled analysis of heat transfer, residual stress and phase transformation showed good agreement with the experimental data. In addition, the temperature distribution as well as longitudinal and transverse residual stresses of weldment by the 1-pass and 2-pass of welding were also determined.