• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.255-258
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• 2014

Using sunspot number data from 270 historical stations for the period 1981-2013, we investigate their personal reduction coefficients (k) statistically. Chang & Oh (2012) perform a simulation showing that the k varies with the solar cycle. We try to verify their results using observational data. For this, a weighted mean and weighted standard deviation of monthly sunspot number are used to estimate the error from observed data. We find that the observed error (noise) is much smaller than that used in the simulation. Thus no distinct k-variation with the solar cycle is observed contrary to the simulation. In addition, the probability distribution of k is determined to be non-Gaussian with a fat-tail on the right side. This result implies that the relative sunspot number after 1981 might be overestimated since the mean value of k is less than that of the Gaussian distribution.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.241-249
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• 2013

The remarkable growth of city population and rate of urbanization are increasing every year rapidly in Korea. On the other hand young people are decreasing and old people are increasing in rural areas. So in 2009, the five Rural New-Town Development Areas were selected by the Ministry for Food, Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries. To provide data necessary for housing types and floor planning and development suitable for rural new-town development to be implemented constantly in rural areas all over the country later, this study used a space syntax program to analyze housing types and space structures within houses in five new-town development areas. After analyzing 33 floor plans for the five areas, there were few houses with separation of communal (integration space) and personal living spaces (segregation space). In particular, 82% had personal living spaces requiring protection of privacy, such as bedrooms and the toilet, classified into communal living spaces. Residential houses for rural new-town development targeting the young population valuing personal life and privacy, which failed to reflect city people's life properly, were expected to decrease residential satisfaction after occupancy.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.655-667
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• 2010

In this study, problems with table serving of Korean Jeollanamdo food were investigated, and methods for improvement were suggested. The manner of food serving and arrangement on tables, as well as the serving space in each case, were investigated in representative restaurants serving Jeollanamdo food. The results showed that most of the Jeollanamdo Korean food have a prototype of a flat serving sprea, wherein the main dish and side dishes are not clearly identified, the demarcation between shared space and personal space is insufficiently made for each serving on the table, and the table is full of side dishes, that are narrow, visually disordered and unhygienic, both in terms of the table setting and arrangement inside bowls. To provide sufficient eating space, elevate awareness of hygienic and clean serving, and identifying the main dish in the table setting, a serving method that is a compromise between the flat spread-out and time-series development was suggested, and an arrangement on the table was defined for the main dish and side dishes. The utilization of table space was also increased by reducing the number of dishes on the table at a given moment. In addition, the dish or bowl and arrangement inside the container were changed in order to distinguish the main dish and side dishes. It is suggested that some of tableware be linked with the special products of the locality so as to make a brand for them, and that a personal mat be used to arrange the tableware for each one, since there are many fermented food items (salted fish, kimchi, fermented paste and sauce, etc.) and boiled food items (stew, steamed dish, boiled dish in sauce, etc) that look dark and unfocused. In addition, it is suggested that the width and breadth of the dishes or bowls be set in an orderly manner. Considering the tables currently available at restaurants, personal space on a table and comfortable distance between eaters are suggested to be $400 mm{\times}250 mm$ and 300 mm, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.423-434
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the personal space by proximity of clothing to self. The scales used in this study include the scale of Nakane(1973) personal space the scale arranged on the basis of Sontag(1978's) study for proximity of clothing to self. The subjects of this study were 885 adult women in Taegu. The data were analyzed by using freqeuncy analysis {{{{ chi ^2 }} test and the Cronback $\alpha$ was also applied. The results of this study were summarized as follows : The results of this study were summarized as follows : It was shown that there was a high tendency that all those whose proximity of clothing to self is high It was shown that there was a high tendency that all those whose proximity of clothing to self is high or low sit opposite to the other persons or in a place where they can be seen well when they are well dressed with good make-up. but that all those whose proximity of clothing to self is high or low sit behind the other persons or in a corner seat or place where they can not be seen well when they are not well dressed with no make-up.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.124-133
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• 2021

Objective: In order to secure the right to walk for the weak, such as the disabled, this study aims to suggest ways to improve the pedestrian environment by identifying factors that cause obstacles to walking. Design: Data Analysis and Perception Survey. Methods: The questionnaire was conducted separately between users of personal mobility vehicle and non-users. A total of 207 effective questionnaires were collected, and the analysis analyzed the perception of personal mobility vehicle by conducting frequency analysis using SAS 9.4. The survey focused on basic information on respondents, walking conditions, understanding of personal mobility vehicle, awareness of pedestrian space passage and parking, and awareness of the possibility of securing pedestrian rights due to new regulations. Results: First, when moving a pedestrian path by personal mobility vehicle, it shall be limited to less than the walking speed of pedestrians. Second, the parking location of the personal mobility vehicle is located at the boundary of the pedestrian road and the lane. Third, pay a fair price to park in a pedestrian space. Conclusions: It is necessary to improve the system to strengthen the contents of education to take into account the safety of pedestrians in education on how to use personal mobility vehicle.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1-3
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• 2000

Indoor carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and personal CO exposures were measured Asan where CO poisoning from twenty coal usage briquette as a domestic fuel to cook and space heating. Twenty-five were houses selected from the Asan area for the survey conducted in February 1997. Newly developed passive CO samplers were placed in the kitchen and living room for the indoor concentration measurement and were worn by homemakers for personal exposure monitoring. The daily average of indoor CO concentration was 16ppm in the kitchen and 10ppm in the living room. The indoor concentration and personal exposures to CO were different in types of the space heating system. House ventilating methods and socioeconomic conditions were also important factors in determining the indoor and personal CO level in Asan.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1059-1074
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to provide a practical guide for planning the private and shared space of student housing for one person household by analyzing their satisfaction and preference. The data was collected through a questionnaire-survey from the students of the university in the city of Cheongju, Chungbuk. 191 samples were collected and analyzed by using SPSS-PC. The results are as follows: (1) this survey showed that most students are dissatisfied with private and shared spaces to narrow size, an unpleasant indoor environment, and incomplete facilities. (2) The most preferred housing type is an officetel in one room style because of its convenience. The majority of students preferred a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen and dining room in personal preferential order with a wide room, well-ventilated environment, and reasonable space zoning for planning the private space. Broad personal spaces with shared spaces such as a study room, cafeteria and health zone are in demand for unit planning. Therefore, to provide privacy for personal living and to develop community spirit, there needs to be a movement to better for community living by arranging optional shared spaces.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.299-304
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to prepare fundamental data which will help the proposal for future a small size housing's plan and direction by looking into customers needs of community space and service for personal household because the personal household demand of the housing market is expected to be the most importance. To accomplish this, 150 people of age range from 20 to 30 who lives alone in Seoul has been surveyed from November 15th to 25th 20008. Also the socio-demographic characteristic, satisfaction of housing life, living characteristic and etc. of young people have been examined.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.140-147
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• 2009

The paper presents the design, development and testing activities of the multi-rotorcraft-based unmanned aerial vehicle at the Center for Unmanned System Studies, Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Indonesia. The multi-rotor system was selected as the design stepping stone for future development of personal aerial vehicle prototypes. A step-by-step design program is conducted to study the technology building blocks and critical issues associated with the design, development and operation of personal aerial vehicles. A number of multi-rotor configurations have been investigated providing basic guidelines for developing a stable unmanned aerial platform. The benefit of the presently selected configuration is highlighted and some preliminary testing results are presented.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

The purpose of this research lies in providing basic data for appropriate territorial adjustment within the family by understanding the relation to family members and how 'territorial dislocations' caused by differences in personal space and behavioral domains are used and controlled as living elements. As a result, the following data could be obtained. 1. General usage conditions of living elements. When the order of usage conditions of living elements is reviewed, the living elements interspersed at the personal space and behavioral territory in public and private spaces show a high usage rate, and in the case where living elements are shared with other families, many living elements are controlled by each family. Also, for living elements with a high possibility of sharing, a high consciousness for public usage is shown rather than elements controlling the territory, and the usage rate as territory controlling living elements is not high. 2. Compared to Japan, in Korea elements that can be placed at a certain location are often used as elements that resolve 'territorial dislocation', using furniture rather than objects. On the other hand, in Japan 'territorial dislocation' is often resolved by establishing a personal territory within the living space. Lastly, compared to Japan, in Korea 'territorial dislocation' is often resolved by maintaining a personal territory spatially rather than territorially.