• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.33-42
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• 2020

This study analyzed the bicycle traffic patterns and identified the influence factors for each traffic purpose using the household traffic conditions survey for Seoul. The results are summarized as follows. First, as a result of surveying the bicycle traffic ratios according to the administrative dongs, there was a difference of 14.2% by region. Second, various personal characteristic variables, such as age, gender, income, occupation, and housing type, affect the bicycle mode choice, and bicycle passage increases when using facilities in residential areas. Third, among the neighborhood environments, the bicycle traffic for commuting purposes appeared to increase more in the areas of higher land use mix and lower crime rates. In addition, the bicycle road density and the inclination of the area commonly affect bicycle travel for commuting, shopping, exercising, and leisure.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.2D
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• pp.225-231
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• 2006

On-line shopping allows consumers to order goods via internet and receive them at homes or workplaces. Emergence of online shopping industry has brought the changes in the structure of freight industry, in the location selection pattern of industrial clusters and in the consumer's travel pattern. This trend is likely to continue, especially in Korea, as the society sees increases in women's participation in workforce, in population of the elder and in production pattern of manufacturing individually customized goods. Despite on-line shopping's heavy influence on travel demand, no study on this particular topic has been done yet, and thus the effect of on-line shopping on travel demand has not been properly reflected on policy making process. This paper suggests the transportation strategy to cope with this change based on the analysis of the effect of on-line shopping on personal travel demand.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.677-690
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• 2019

Recently, the importance and effectiveness of neighborhood forests have been increasing in relation to the quality of life of urban residents. However, there are very few domestic studies that analyzed the correlation between visit characteristics and life satisfaction. Therefore, the study aims to understand how people use the forest for recreation and determine how visit characteristics in neighborhood forests affect individual life satisfaction(ILS). A nationwide survey (N=2,624) was conducted on visit frequency, proximity to forest, means of transportation, forest activities, and life satisfaction. To measure ILS, we used the three factors (personal, relative, collective) of COMOSWB (Concise Measure of Subjective Well-being) developed by Seo et al.(2011). The analysis shows that people usually visit the forest located within the distance of 10-30 minutes from their homes 1-2 times a month on foot for hiking/walking (forest bathing). In particular, the older visitors(over 60s) tend to visit the forest more often than the younger ones (20s). Furthermore, more frequent visitors are more likely to live near the forest. As a result of analyzing the correlation between visit characteristics and ILS by controlling demographic variables, it was found that 'visit frequency' had a positive effect on ILS, and 'proximity to the forest' did not have a statistically significant effect on ILS. In other words, residents who live near the forests are more likely to be satisfied with their lives by visiting frequently. The significance of the study is that it statistically determined that visit frequency is a key factor for ILS. Future studies should take into account the various qualitative factors of forest visit such as vegetation, quantity and types of forest, which will contribute to setting the direction for urban forest development and management.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.3-35
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• 2013

Air transport today is a means of transport that is optimized for exchanges between nations. Around the world, has experienced an increase in operating and the number of airline route expansion that has entered into the international aviation agreements in order to take advantage of the air transport efficient, but the possibility of the occurrence of air transport accidents increased. When compared to the accident of other means of transport, development of air transport accidents, not high, but it leads to catastrophe aviation accident occurs. Air Transport accident many international transportation accident than domestic transportation accident, in the event of an accident, the analysis of the legal responsibility of the shipper or the like is necessary or passenger air carrier. Judgment of the legal order of discipline of air transport accident is a classification of the type of air transport agreement. Depending on the object, air transport agreements are classified into the contract of carriage of aviation of the air passenger transportation contract. For casualties occurs, air passenger transportation accident is a need more discussion of legal discipline for this particular. Korean Commercial Code, it is possible to reflect in accordance with the actual situation of South Korea the contents of the treaty, which is utilized worldwide in international air transport, even on the system, to control land, sea, air transport and welcoming to international standards. However, Korean Commercial Code, the problem of the Montreal Convention has occurred as it is primarily reflecting the Montreal Convention. As a cause of liability for damages, under the Commercial Code of Korea and the contents of the treaty precedent is reflected, the concept of accident is necessary definition of the exact concept for damages of passengers in particular. Cause of personal injury or death of passengers, in the event of an accident to the "working for the elevation" or "aircraft" on, the Montreal Convention is the mother method of Korea Commercial Code, liability for damages of air carrier defines. The Montreal Convention such, continue to be a matter of debate so far in connection with the scope of "working for the lifting of" the concepts defined in the same way from Warsaw Convention "accident". In addition, it is discussed and put to see if you can be included mental damage passenger suffered in air transport in the "personal injury" in the damage of the passenger is in the range of damages. If the operation of aircraft, injury accident, in certain circumstances, compensation for mental damage is possible, in the same way as serious injury, mental damage caused by aviation accidents not be able to live a normal life for the victim it is damage to make. So it is necessary to interpret and what is included in the injury to the body in Korea Commercial Code and related conventions, non-economic damage of passengers, clearly demonstrated from the point of view of prevention of abuse of litigation and reasonable protection of air carrier it must compensate only psychological damage that can be. Since the compensation of delay damages, Warsaw Convention, the Montreal Convention, Korea Commercial Code, there are provisions of the liability of the air carrier due to the delayed arrival of passenger and baggage, but you do not have a reference to delayed arrival, the concept of delay arrangement is necessary. The strict interpretation of the concept of delayed arrival, because it may interfere with safe operation of the air carrier, within the time agreed to the airport of arrival that is described in the aviation contract of carriage of passenger baggage, or, these agreements I think the absence is to be defined as when it is possible to consider this situation, requests the carrier in good faith is not Indian or arrive within a reasonable time is correct. The loss of passenger, according to the international passenger Conditions of Carriage of Korean Air, in addition to the cases prescribed by law and other treaties, loss of airline contracts, resulting in passengers from a service that Korean Air and air transport in question do damage was is, that the fact that Korean Air does not bear the responsibility as a general rule, that was caused by the negligence or intentional negligence of Korean Air is proof, negligence of passengers of the damage has not been interposed bear responsibility only when it is found. It is a clause in the case of damage that is not mandated by law or treaty, and responsible only if the negligence of the airline side has been demonstrated, but of the term negligence "for" intentional or negligent "Korean Air's Terms" I considered judgment of compatibility is required, and that gross negligence is appropriate. The "Korean Air international passenger Conditions of Carriage", airlines about the damage such as electronic equipment that is included in the checked baggage of passengers does not bear the responsibility, but the loss of baggage, international to arrive or depart the U.S. it is not the case of transportation. Therefore, it is intended to discriminate unfairly passengers of international flights arriving or departure to another country passengers of international flights arriving or departure, the United States, airlines will bear the responsibility for the goods in the same way as the contents of the treaty it should be revised in the direction.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.416-429
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• 2020

Objectives: This study examined the personal, interpersonal and community factors related to food sufficiency and variety among Korean adults using data from the 2017 Community Health Survey. Methods: A total of 228,310 adults aged ≥ 19 years were classified into three groups: food sufficiency with variety, food sufficiency without variety and food insufficiency. Personal factors included sociodemographic characteristics, health behavior and health status. Interpersonal factors included social networking and social activities, and community factors included safety, natural environment, living environment, availability of public transportation and health care services. The association of food sufficiency and variety with interpersonal and community factors was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the total sample, the food-sufficiency-without-variety group and food insufficiency group accounted for 31.5% and 3.2%, respectively. The sociodemographic factors associated with food insufficiency and non-variety were women, ≥ 65 years of age, with low education level, low household income, unemployed, single, and living in areas of small population sizes. There were significant differences in health behavior and health status, interpersonal and community factors among the three groups. Multivariable logistic regression analyses conducted after adjusting for confounding factors showed that lack of social networking and social activities and lower satisfaction derived from community environments were associated with the risk of food insufficiency and non-variety. Conclusions: Our results showed that interpersonal and community factors as well as personal factors were related to food sufficiency and variety. Therefore, public policies to help build social networks and participation in social activities, and improve community environment are needed together with food assistance to overcome the problems of food insufficiency and non-variety.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.37-46
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• 2014

Industrialization and urbanization have led automobiles to transform into more than just modes of transportation; they have become daily necessities as well as extensions of living spaces where a variety of activities can be done and automotive applications of the latest information technology are accelerated. Though material abundance has increased in the modern society, the conflicts and the stress emerging from a social structure focused on competition have increased as well. Such lifestyles generate a need for personal space and media content for healing the body and the mind. This research explores the automotive application of video content with the goal of refreshing the minds of the passengers. To this end, previous studies have investigated the emotional effect of videos, focusing on the responses of diverse groups of adults (age group of 20 to 60) who frequently used automobiles, which had video displays installed in them. The results showed that watching video contents on a full window inside a car influenced the creation of positive feelings7 and emotional satisfaction. The research attempts to study the methods of providing video contents and the effects of watching them that could aid the emotional well-being of passengers, and presents the possibility of emotional satisfaction created by a convergence of cars and multimedia contents in the future.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.47-59
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• 2016

Parcel service is to deliver goods from one place to the designated destination requested according to user request. Parcel operations such as sorting, distributing, etc. or the managed information are heterogeneous by the companies. Additionally, it is impossible to support interoperability between companies with unformatted data of manual processing. Most parcel package boxes attached to paper typed waybill is attached is delivered to consignee. So, security problems such as personal information leaking are occurred, or extra processing time and logistics costs are needed due to wrong or the damaged information. Business environment of parcel service is rapidly changed as introducing unmanned delivery or the advanced technology such as Internet of Things. User want to know the accurate status or steps from parcel service request to delivery. To provide these requirements, the unified and integrated waybill information for reliable transportation of parcel service is needed. This information will provide to pickup or delivery carrier, warehouse or terminal, and parcel service user per pickup, transport, and delivery stage of parcel delivery service. Therefore, this paper defines the simplified and unified information model for parcel service waybill by analyzing information systems used for logistics unit processes that is occurred to parcel service, and manual work processes, and developing the relevant information of work flows occurred between business processes or transactions with the collected or processed information by from parcel service's stages. It is possible to share these standard model between business entities, and replacing paper typed waybill will improve national life safety as preventing security threats by paper typed waybill. As a result, it will promote the public interest from the stakeholder's perspective.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.120-131
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• 1995

To analyze mobility patterns, this study used three Constraint (Capability Constraint, Coupling Constraint, Authority Constraint) models which were proposed in Dr. Hagerstrand's Time-space theory. This paper shows that three constraint models have some effects upon mobility by age. In this study, Capability Constraint means a certain special constraint that is what we can't do during proceeding basic natural urges like sleep, fare, etc. Coupling constraint is a physical one. Each person limits the action range for staying on a special place in special time. For instance, students have to stay in school so that they have mobility constraints. Authority Constraint is a social one. When we use urban facilities or traffic, we may be controlled by mobility sphere by an agreement or a social position. It is social agreement that the opening hour of a store, the time table of mass-transportation and a social positional control that the personal income, the standard of education. In this study it has been in a process of determination of the cluster number that degree of influences a social constraint to mobility. Considering the mobility constraint of characteristics of space divides urban and rural, people in urban area have higher mobility rate than in rural area. Resuets of determination of the cluster, show similar mobility pattern. People in urban area are connected verity of mobility which related to urban space structures with determination of cluste-number. That is to say, mobility patterns can be changed by space charactcristics. Constraints by sex and age are also social constraints and they are influenced by mobility patterns. For instance, females at the age of twenties have similar mobility pattern to the same age male but they have sudden changes after thirty's age. Male entertains a similar pattern without restriction of age. That is to say, management by sex as a social constraint affects mobility. To establish more realistic traffie policy, mobility formation should be reflected to the space in a view of social-behavioral science. To embody this, some problems should be investigated as follows. 1. As a problem of methodology, if sufficient samples ensured, we could subdivide clusters and could open up a new method of analyzing the mobility clusters by using the neuro-network. 2. Extracting actions connected with mobility and finding life cycle which is classified by daily cluste-characteristics, suitable counterproposal could be presented to the traific policy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 2020

According to international regulations, it is mandatory for navigators or engineers to acquire suitable skillsets before their designation as a duty officer on board. One of the most important elements is Maritime English (ME), wherein students are taught a required set of basic skills that enable them to process various documents related to accidents, ship conditions, and inspections. Students have to be equipped not only with the use of general English skills but also with the coherent use of technical terms and phrases. However, due to the unique circumstances that exist in the maritime domain, the methods used for imparting maritime knowledge and the manner in which it is evaluated are restricted. Hence, this study aims to utilize an online Maritime English learning and testing platform that can be accessed on smart devices to analyze its impact on the students' learning process. An experiment was conducted on two groups of cadets, one that used the platform and another group that did not. After six-week, the experiment results showed a significant difference between the ME test scores of the two groups. The test scores were further analyzed by incorporating the students' personal elements to measure the ef icacy of the ME test platform. Therefore, the learning and evaluation processes are expected to be implemented in ways that are appropriate and convenient to specific circumstances and be widely used in the field of maritime education in the future.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.228-249
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• 2018

In 2015, the population of elderly people in Thailand was 16% of the total population and is predicted to be over 20% by 2021 and nearly 28% by 2031. The increase of the elderly population in Thailand has also increased the proportion of dependent elderly people, and caring for them poses many challenges for both families and the government. This descriptive method research aimed to survey the health status of dependent older people in the rural community of Lampang province in northern Thailand. The participants consisted of 62 older people and 62 primary family caregivers from Hong Ha Health Promoting Hospital, Lampang, Thailand (totaling 124 people). The researchers assessed the health status of older people and their activities of daily living (ADL). In addition, researchers assessed the health status and stress of caregivers. All the participants were interviewed about their experiences with caregiving. The results showed that most of the older respondents were female with an average age of 78.15 years. Based on the ADL assessment, 50 of the 62 older persons were homebound while the rest were bedridden. The majority of older people had chronic or long-term conditions that required hospitalization from time to time. Their frequent health problems included oral disorders such as tooth decay or caries/gum disease/no teeth, reduced sight, psychological disorders, knee pain and risk of falling, low BMI, risk of malnutrition, and urinary leakage and incontinence (58.06%, 66.13%, 62.90%, 70.97%, 38.71%, 66.13%, and 37.10%, respectively). Usual care provided by the family members included personal hygiene care, food preparation and feeding, medication management, housekeeping and organizing necessary equipment, supply of needed equipment, prevention of falls, helping with travel for medical checkups and treatment, and providing companionship. Families experienced shortages of medical supplies, daily use equipment, lack of employment, inadequate income, and difficulty accessing health care services due to lack of transportation. Some caregivers experienced caregiving stress related to a lack of social interactions as well as routine caregiving activities. Families need different types of support in order to promote the well-being of older people and caregivers. This highlights the need for a community participation model for the care of older people in order to reflect sustainable long-term outcomes.