• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.161-166
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• 2001

Most mammalian cells take up glucose by passive transport proteins in the plasma membranes. The best known of these proteins is the human erythrocyte glucose transporter, GLUT1. High levels of heterologous expression far the transporter are necessary for the investigation of its three-dimensional structure by crystallization. To achieve this, the baculovirus expression system has become popular choice. However, Spodoptera frugiperda Clone 9 (Sf9) cells, which are commonly employed as the host permissive cell line to support baculovirus replication and protein synthesis, grow well on TC-100 medium that contains 0.1% D-glucose as the major carbon source, suggesting the presence of endogenous glucose transporters. Furthermore, very little is known of the endogenous transporters properties of Sf9 cells. Therefore, human GLUT1 antibodies would play an important role for characterization of the GLUT1 expressed in insect cell. However, the successful use of such antibodies for characterization of GLUT1 expression m insect cells relies upon their specificity for the human protein and lack of cross-reaction with endogenous transporters. It is therefore important to determine the potential cross-reactivity of the antibodies with the endogenous insect cell glucose transporters. In the present study, the potential cross-reactivity of the human GLUT1 antibodies with the endogenous insect cell glucose transporters was examined by Western blotting. Neither the antibodies against intact GLUT1 nor those against the C-terminus labelled any band migrating in the region expected fur a protein of M$_r$ comparable to GLUT1, whereas these antibodies specifically recognized the human GLUT1. Specificity of the human GLUT1 antibodies tested was also shown by cross-reaction with the GLUT1 expressed in insect cells. In addition, the insect cell glucose transporter was found to have very low affinity for cytochalasin B, a potent inhibitor of human erythrocyte glucose transporter.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2000

US3 gene is a member of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate early gene. Although the precise functions of the US3 gene in HCMV replication and pathogenesis are not known, it has been reported to play a role in inhibiting major histocompatibility class I antigen presentation. For further knowledge of US3 gene expression, rabbit polyclonal antiserum of the US3 gene product was used for indirect immunofluorescence assay. In permissive human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells, US3 gene expression was detectable as crescent or half-moon shape in the perinuclear region at immediate early times after virus infection. HFF cells infected with mutant HCMV lacking US3 open reading frames were negative for US3 immunofluorescence assay. Double immunofluorescence assay using monoclonal antibody to gamma adaptin (specific for the Golgi complex) and rabbit anti-US3 antiserum revealed that US3 gene product could be localized to the Golgi complex. At later time after HCMV infection, US3 gene products were detected as globular aggregates in the cytosol. These aggregates were positive for gamma adaptin and stained with preimmune serum, suggesting a nonspecific reaction to the Golgi complex. Northern blot analysis revealed that transcription of US3 was observed only during immediate early times after virus infection (until 6 h postinfection). Therefore US3 gene expression appears to be confined to immediate early time and its gene products are localized to the Golgi complex as crescent shaped forms in the perinuclear cytoplasm.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.272-277
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• 1994

The microbial populations of exportable and domestic white ginseng powders, which have been problems in quality control, were higher than the legally-permissive level of microorganisms as $5{\times}10^{4}$/g in total bacteria and as negative coliforms. Various microorganisms contaminated in the sample were effectively decontaminated by gamma irradiation at below 10 kGy as well as ethylene oxide (EO) fumigation. The radiosens.tivity of microorganisms was the highest in coliforms, followed by molds and aerobic bacteria ($D_{10}$: 1.25 kGy). The good microbiological quality could be retained in white ginseng powders for more than 7 months of storage at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ irrespective of relative humidities if products are prepared with a lower moisture content below 10% and treated by gamma irradiation at 5 to 10 kGy in an airtight packaging.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.447-452
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• 2006

The murine ecotropic retroviral receptor has been demonstrated to function as a mouse cationic amino acid transporter 1(mCAT1), and is comprised of multiple membranespanning domains. Feral mouse (Mus dunni) cells are not susceptible to infection by the ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV), although they can be infected by other ecotropic murine leukemia viruses, including Friend MLV and Rauscher MLV. The relative inability of MoMLV to replicate in M. dunni cells has been attributed to two amino acids $(V_{214}\;and\;G_{236})$ located within the third extracellular loop of the M. dunni CAT1 receptor (dCAT1). Via the exchange of the third extracellular loop of the mCAT1 cDNA encoding receptor from the permissive mouse and the corresponding portion of cDNA encoding for the nonpermissive M. dunni receptor, we have identified the most critical amino acid residue, which is a glycine located at position 236 within the third extracellular loop of dCAT1. We also attempted to determine the role of the third extracellular loop of the M. dunni CAT1 receptor with regard to the formation of the syncytium. The relationship between dCAT1 and virus-induced syncytia was suggested initially by our previous identification of two MLV isolates (S82F in Moloney and S84A in Friend MLV), both of which are uniquely cytopathic in M. dunni cells. In an attempt to determine the relationship existing between dCAT1 and the virally-induced syncytia, we infected 293-dCAT1 or chimeric dCAT1 cells with the S82F pseudotype virus. The S82F pseudotype virus did not induce the formation of syncytia, but did show increased susceptibility to 293 cells expressing dCATl. The results of our study indicate that S82F-induced syncytium formation may be the result of cell-cell fusion, but not virus-cell fusion.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.61-73
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• 2005

This study aims to examine the socio-demographic heterogeneity of community participation in rural Korea. Data was collected through interviews with 1,870 rural householders and housewives who have lived in Up or Myen as an administrative unit of rural communities, and analyzed by the SPSS/PC Win V.10 program. The statistical techniques used for this study were frequency and percentile. The major findings of this study were as follows. Firstly, the extent to which rural people have participated in community organizations were: cooperative groups, $80.8\%$; religious groups, $20.6\%$; learning groups, $12.7\%$; political groups, $9.8\%;$ civil groups $6.7\%$; and voluntary groups, $5.3\%$. Whereas the numbers were high for community participation in groups related to agricultural production, participation in civil and voluntary groups were lower. Secondly, it showed that people who lived in urbanized and high population density areas were more likely to participate in community groups. The diversity of community organizations was different according to the level of rurality. Thirdly, farm householders were more likely to participate in religious, civil and voluntary groups than non-farm householders. Fourthly, people with higher education, females, those in the 40 to 50 age groups were more likely to participate in community organizations. Fifthly, even though men are more likely to participate in political parties, women were more likely then men to agree that women should participate in political parties. This empirical study could support the results of Sundeen (1988) and Wilson and Musick (1997) in that education was related positively to community participation. In addition, we concluded that community participation in a rural development process has two main considerations: philosophical and pragmatic. This implies that there is room for government to enable and facilitate 'true' community participation. That can be done through policy reform which creates a permissive environment for community decision-making and input, in addition to simply supporting community development through financial assistance.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1987.07a
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• pp.213-237
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• 1987

In vitro flowering system may minimize the confounded influence of non-floral meristem parts of plants in studying the relationship of a given treatment and flowering responses. We have induced flower buds from plantlets regenerated from zygotic embryo-derived somatic embryos of ginseng, which circumvented the normal 2-year juvenile period before flowering. The result suggests that the adulthood of ginseng root explants in the experiment previously conducted by Chang and Hsing (1980; Nature 284: 341-342) is not prerequired to flowering of plantlets regenerated through somatic embryogenesis. We have also induced flower buds from elongated axillary brandches from cotyledonary nodes by culturing ginseng zygotic embryos, seedlings, and excised cotyledonary nodes. It was found that 6-benzyladenine (BA) supplemented to the medium was essential for flowering, whereas abscisic acid (ABA) was inhibitory. Gibberellic acid(GA3) was also required for flowering when ABA was present with BA in the medium. The results suggest that cytokinins, gibberellins, and inhibitors play primary, permissive, and preventive roles, respective-ly, in the induction of flowering of ginseng. Tran Thanh Van (1980; Int. Rev. Cytol., Suppl. IIA: 175-194) has developed the "thin cell layer system" in which the induction of shoots, roots, or flower buds from epidermal layer explants were controlled by culture conditions and exogenous growth regulators in the medium, Utilizing the thin cell layer system, Meeks-Wagner et al. (1989; The Plant Cell 1: 25-35) have cloned genes specifically expressed during floral evocation. However, the system is too tedious for obtaining a sufficient amount of plant materials for biochmical and molecular biological studies of flowering. We have developed a garlic callus culture system and one obvious advantaging over the thin cell layer system is that an abundant cells committed to develope into flower buds proliferate. When the above cells were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with those which have just lost the competence for developing into flower buds, a few putative proteins specific to floral evocation were detected. The garlic callus culture system can be further explored for elucidation of the molecular biological mechanism of floral evocation and morphogenesis.hogenesis.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.97-105
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• 2020

This study was to identify the main predictors of smartphone overdependece of infants perceived by mothers and to provide basic data useful for education and practice. For this, data-mining decision tree analysis was performed using SPSS program, and the fianl 410 researches were used for analysis. The results. In the case of the whole infants, the most important predictor of smartphone dependence was father's leisure activity parenting participation. For boys, their father's leisure activity was the most dependent on their smartphone dependence. However, even if father's participation in leisure activities was high, smartphone overdependence increased again when mother's overprotection and permissive attitude were high. Finally, For girls, the most influential variable on smartphone dependence was warmth and encouragement among mothers' parenting attitudes.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.199-211
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• 2008

Hong, You-Son($1452{\sim}1529$) overcame his suffering, caused by his low social standing, through Taoism. Hong, You-Son could be infatuated with Taoism because Taoism was still spread all over the country in early Chosun dynasty and in more permissive atmosphere than the atmosphere after the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. Therefore, Taoist health prevention, not religion, reflecting theory of Taoist hermit and wishing for perennial youth and long life was prevalent among the intellectual class in that period. In addition, it was very fascinating idea for Chosun intellectual class to prevent health with practice because medicine was not developed in that period. The importance of his health prevention was vitality ; he insisted that people can get health and long life with it and need mind practice to discard greed of this life. His advocacy was agreed with Kim, Si-Seup, and Chung, Ryum, the members of Danhak School, and his health prevention became a base for medicine developments preventive medicine. Hong, You-Son seemed to use Taoism not to avoid temporally, but to overcome his suffering, and furthermore, find out self identity. He became one of major members of Danhak School because the ideas of Taoism such as accomplishing health and long life with self practice and achieving self satisfaction with discarding utilitarianism was fitted for conflict mind of Hong, You-Son. Taoist ideas were reflected in his poetry and his everyday life ; he identified a Taoist hermit with Himself in his poetry and acted like a hermit in his everyday life.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2003

In the case of the feeder bus route choice, it is more desirable to choose the route by treating as a single route linked from origin to destination than the whole network. This study is to establish a concept that frames the feeder bus route choice technique for the change of the existing single bus route or the creation of the new feeder bus route. The concept of the feeder bus route choice technique in this study is not to frame the whole bus network but to frame a single route to a unit O-D pair. So, this study has the assumption that does not consider the waiting and transfer time at the bus stop. This system technique consists of the following phases: I) limitation of the road network examined for the study, ii) enumeration of the appropriate candidate routes by the permissive route length, and iii) determination of the optimum bus route by the route evaluation value.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 1998

We have introduced a genetic assay to study the existence of intramolecular triplexes in Escherichia coli. A plasmid containing the gene that encodes a temperature-sensitive EcoRI methylase was cotransformed with different plasmids containing inserts, $(G)_9AATTC(G)_9$ and $(GAA)_9TTC(GAA)_8$, that are able to form intramolecular triplexes in vitro. Inhibition of methylation in vivo was found for $(G)_9AATTC(G)_9$ and $(GAA)_9TTC(GAA)_8$, suggesting that the pur pyr sequences adopt unusual strucures in E. coli. In addition, experiments using two dimensional gel electrophoresis confirmed that intramolecular triplexes are formed for the pur pyr sequences under negative supercoiling. These results demonstrate the existence of intramolecular triplexes in E. coli.