• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test a KPAAT(Korean Parent As a Teacher Test) and provide a basic data to develop parent education program. Methods: This is a secondary analysis study using 103 preschool mothers who were chosen from 2 kindergarten and child care center located at Kyounki-Do. Results: 1) Subjects' child-rearing attitude was above average at the point of $2.86({\pm}\;.20)$. 2) 16 sub-dimension(response to question, permissive attitude of play, control, control of play, expectation about child, understanding about learning, support of learning, encouragement of thinking, provision of imaginary play opportunities, support of play, encouragement of accomplishment motivation, propriety of child-rearing, affectional support, fixed idea, confidence about education, limitation) and 6 factors(response to question, permission of play, control & limitation, evaluation & support about child, encouragement of academic accomplishment, facilitation of the development of creativity) were above 2.50 except ($2.24{\pm}\;.29$) sub-dimension. 3) There was no significant difference statistically according to subjects' general characteristics. Conclusion: From this study, KPAAT can be utilized later childhood period. And nurses need to help mothers to have sound child rearing attitude.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.412-417
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• 2004

In urban rail transit systems, ground faults in the DC traction power supply system are currently detected by the potential relay, 64P. Though it detects the fault it cannot identify the faulted region and therefore the faulted region could not be isolated properly. Therefore it could cause a power loss of the trains running on the healthy regions and the safety of the passengers in the trains could be affected adversely. Two new ground fault protective relay schemes that can identify the faulted region are presented in this paper. A current limiting device, called Device X, is newly introduced in both system, which enables large amount of ground fault current flow upon the positive line to ground fault. One type of the relaying schemes is called directional and differential ground fault protective relay which uses the current differential scheme in detecting the fault and uses the permissive signal from neighboring substation to identify the faulted region correctly. The other is called ground over current protective relay. It is similar to the ordinary over current relay but it measures the ground current at the device X not at the power feeding line, and it compares the current variation value to the ground current in Device X to identify the correct faulted line. Though both type of the relays have pros and cons and can identify the faulted region correctly, the ground over current protective relaying scheme has more advantages than the other.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2012

This study was conducted to study the associations between parents' effortful control (EC), their parenting behavior and infants' EC. Subjects of the present study were 55 infants and their parents. Parents who participated in this study replied to questionnaires, including ECBQ-SF, ATQ-SF and Parenting style scale. There was positive correlations between the parents' EC, affectionate parenting style and infants' EC by zero-order correlation. We also performed Mann-Whitney test on the acquired data and it showed significant differences in the infants' EC by their parents' EC and parenting behavior. More specifically, infants with more affectionate and permissive parents showed higher levels of EC. Finally, we performed a partial correlation analysis and its results revealed that the correlation coefficient between the parents' EC and the infants' EC decreased when the parenting style was controlled. These results are vital to have a better understanding on the developmental pathways to the EC.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.461-472
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• 2018

Using a sample of third grade middle school students from the forth wave of Children and Youth Panel Survey in 2012, the mediation effects of private educational expenditure between parenting styles and children's academic performance were investigated by applying factor, cluster, tobit, and two stage regression analysis. The major results were as follows. First, four types of parenting style were identified. The most frequent parenting style was ambivalent parenting (tiger parenting) which was followed by authoritative parenting. Second, compared to permissive parenting style, ambivalent, authoritative, and authoritarian parenting styles were significantly associated with more private educational expenditures. Third, more private educational expenditures were significantly associated with higher academic performance of children. I found both a full mediation effect of private educational expenditure for ambivalent and authoritarian parenting styles, and a partial mediation effect for authoritative parents. Authoritative parenting style has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between household income and private educational expenditure, along with a positive direct effect on the academic performance of children. The results suggested that an authoritative parenting style was related with higher academic performance of children with less private educational expenditures compared to other parenting styles. The results also implied that the public policies to enhance authoritative parenting style among parents would be effective to reduce household's private educational expenditures.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.50
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• pp.211-232
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• 2013

Jia yi had a critical mind on the gap between the rich and the poor, sumptuous moods, reducement of agriculture productive population in West Han Dynasty period. It is to the collapse of social economic order, the moral degeneracy and the fiscal drain in West Han Dynasty. Jia yi analyzed the social problem of West Han Dynasty, suggested economic policy at one's own perspective. To solve the problem of the permissive policy of the Han Dynasty, He suggested a economic reform of phvsiocracy & business repression. And he was concerned about a reform monetary system. His reform policy was theoretical basis of Economic Thought of Jia yi. This paper focused his reform policy around phvsiocracy & business repression & private mintage prohibition policy.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.79-99
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the significant factors affecting media device addiction using the data mining technique for large-scale data from the Panel Study on Korean Children Survey (PSKC). The PSKC data of this study were gathered from the elementary school students in their 10th survey (1,286 3rd grade students). Methods: The SPSS 21.0 program was used for data mining decision tree analysis, and the results are as follows. Results: First, the most important predictor of media device addiction was planning-organization which was among the sub-factors of executive function. Second, as a result of the decision tree analysis, the children with the highest probability of addiction to media devices were ones that had difficulties in planning and organizing, had mothers with a permissive parenting attitude felt difficulties in controlling behavior, and were alone at home for more than two hours a day without any adult supervision. Conclusion/Implications: The results of this study can help guide the direction of future research related to children's addiction to media devices by exploring and analyzing factors that significantly affect children's addiction to media devices.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.89-109
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• 2023

Objective: This study examined the moderating effect of young children's temperament on the relationship between maternal anxiety and overprotection. Methods: A total of 250 mothers with 5-year-old children responded to online survey questionnaires, which included questions about maternal anxiety, overprotection, and their children's temperament. Results: The results of the study revealed several important findings. First, maternal anxiety had a positive correlation to the overall level of overprotection and all sub-factors. The correlation between young children's temperament and maternal overprotection had different results depending on the sub-factors of overprotection. Second, there was a significant moderating effect of young children's temperament on the relationship between maternal anxiety and overprotection. That is, When the reactivity of a child was low, the positive effect of maternal anxiety on maternal overprotection was greater. Looking at the sub-factors of overprotection, only reactive temperament showed a significant moderating effect in the relationship between maternal anxiety and intrusive overprotection. On the relationship between maternal anxiety and permissive overprotection, reactivity and adaptability had significant moderating effects. Conclusion/Implications: This study showed that mother's overprotection was associated with varying levels of their own anxiety and children's temperament. These findings offer basic knowledge for development of a program for improving parenting behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 1999

Isolation of PRRSV was attempted from 646 swine sera collected from swine farms. The MARC-145 cell, which is highly permissive to PRRSV, was used for virus isolation, propagation, IFA test, and VN test. Total 36 cytopathic viruses to MARC-145 cells were isolated. The virus isolates were identified as a PRRSV by the IFA test and VN test using the reference sera prepared by experimental infection of reference PRRSV CNV-1 into 30 day-old pig. In addition to serological conformation, ORF5 of genomic RNA of 6 selected cytopathic viruses were amplified by the RT-PCR. The resulting PCR products were examined by electrophoresis in 1.2% agarose gel. An appropriate bands of about 680bp including the flanking sequence of total 80bp were seen on agarose gel.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 2018

A new 80Ti-15Ta-5Zr wt% alloy surface was protected by anodic oxidation in phosphoric acid solution. The protective oxide layer (TiO2, ZrO2 and Ta suboxides and thickness of 15.5 nm) incorporated $PO{_4}^{3-}$ ions from the solution, according to high resolution XPS spectra. The AFM analysis determined a high roughness with SEM detected pores (20 - 50 nm). The electrochemical studies of bare and anodically oxidized Ti-15Ta-5Zr alloy in Carter-Brugirard saliva of different pH values and saliva with 0.05M NaF, pointed to a nobler surface for the protected alloy, with a thicker electrodeposited oxide layer acting as a barrier against aggressive ions. The oxidized alloy significantly decreased corrosion current densities and total quantity of ions released into the oral environment in comparison with the bare one, at higher polarisation resistance and protective capacity of the electrodeposited layer. The impedance data revealed a bi-layered oxidation film formed by: a dense, compact, barrier layer in contact with the metallic substrate, decreasing the potential gradient across the metal/oxide layer/solution interface, reducing the anodic dissolution and a more permissive, porous layer in contact with the electrolyte. The open circuit potential for protected alloy shifted to nobler values, with thickening of the oxidation film signifying long-term protection.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.9-20
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• 2002

This study examined different individual and environmental factors that affect children's experience of harassment from their peers. For the individual variables, gender, behavioral problems, and self-esteem were included in the anal)'sis. For the family variables, mother's parenting style and the socio-economic status of parents were examined, and for the school variables, the supervision of the teacher and the attitudes of the classmates toward bullying were used. Two forms of peer harassment, the overt form and the relational form were examined in this study. The sample consisted of 520 fifth grade children. Statistics and methods used for the data analysis were Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, frequency, percentage, means, standard deviation, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression. Several major relationships were found from the analyses. First, the more the children tend to internalize behavioral problems and have lower self-esteem, the more likely they are to get victimized by overt and relational forms of harassment. Boys experience more overt harassment than girls. Second, the more the mother's parenting style is permissive-nonintervening, or rejecting-restricting, and the higher the father's social status is, the more likely the child is subjected to overt and relational forms of harassment. Third, the more the children feel that the teacher is paying attention to bullying, the less the children are subjected to the overt form of peer harassment. Fourth, children's internalizing behavioral problems, mother's permissiveness-nonintervention, children's self-esteem, children's gender, and the supervision of the teacher regarding bullying significantly affected the experience of overt forms of harassment. A twenty two percent variance in the victimization of an overt form was explained by those variables. Children's internalizing behavioral problems, mother's permissiveness-nonintervention, children's self-esteem, and mother's rejection-restriction significantly affected the experience of relational form of peers harassment. Twenty six percent of the variance in the relational form of victimization was explained by those variables.