• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.281-286
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• 2007

For transdermal delivery of porcine placenta extract (PPE), various emulsion formulations were prepared and evaluated. Polysorbate surfactants were used as emulsifiers and various C-18 unsaturated fatty acids as enhancers. The skin permeation of PPE was tested using a cellulose nitrate membrane-loaded Franz cell apparatus. Among emulsifiers, Tween 20 provided higher penetration effect than did Tween 80. Meanwhile, of various fatty acids, linolenic acid (18:3) revealed the highest skin permeation of PPE than the other C-18 unsaturated fatty acids. Stability of PPE emulsions was determined by cycles of freezing and thawing processes. The stability of emulsions depended on the percentage of Tween 20. Minimum 20% of Tween 20 was required to stabilize emulsions at room temperature for several days. Taken together, our results suggest that Tween 20 and linolenic acids might be key components to formulate PPE emulsion to provide the desirable skin permeability and stability.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.437-446
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• 1999

Porphyromonas endodontalis(P. endodontalis) is one of the important causative bacteria of pulpal and periapical disease. P. endodontalis has lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and it plays a major role in stimulating the synthesis and release of cytokines from immune cells and prostaglandin $E_2$ from host cells. The purpose of this study is to prepare LPS from P. endodontalis and to evaluate the effect of LPS on membrane permeability of fibroblast. P. endodontalis ATCC 35406 was cultured in anaerobic condition, and LPS was extracted. LPS was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Human periodontal ligament cell, colon fibroblast(CCD-18Co, KCLB 21459) and skin fibroblast(Detroit 551, KCLB 10110) were perfused with 0.01% P. endodontalis LPS solution, high concentration of $K^+$ solution and $Ca^{2+}$-free solution, $Ca^{2+}$ concentration ratio was measured by microfluorometry. 1. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration was not changed in human periodontal fibroblast and skin fibroblast(Detroit 551) stimulated by P. endodontalis LPS. 2. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration was increased in colon fibroblast(CCD-18Co) stimulated by P. endodontalis LPS. 3. Colon fibroblast(CCD-18Co) has voltage dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channel activated by high concentration of $K^+$ solution. 4. P. endodontalis LPS has no effect on the increase of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration during perfusion of $Ca^{2+}$-free solution.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2008

The magneto impedance (MI) behaviors of patterned $Co_{30}Fe_{34}Ni_{36}$ microwire were investigated with respect to its shape variation. After preparing $Co_{30}Fe_{34}Ni_{36}$ microwires using electrodeposition and photolithography methods, impedance measurements were conducted to compare the MI ratios of the devices with different aspect ratios. As a result, the anisotropy field and transverse permeability were found to be strongly affected by the aspect ratio of the device. The external field value at the maximum impedance and maximum sensitivity of the device was found to increase with increasing device width, which was attributed to the increased transverse anisotropy with decreasing aspect ratio. While an increase in the thickness also contributed to an increase in the MI ratio, a variation in the thickness not only increased the anisotropic field, but the variation in the MI ratio was as also affected by the skin effect. Conversely, the MI ratios of the present devices were hardly affected by variations in the length. Considering the typical aspect ratios of our devices, it was expected that the length effect would emerge when the aspect ratio was reduced to less than 10. Nevertheless, our results show that for the practical application of MI devices, the MI characteristics can be optimized by tailoring the aspect ratio of the devices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.237-248
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compare the comfort sensation depending on four different kinds of denim blue jeans: cotton, cotton/tencel, tencel, cotton/pp. The objective and subjective experiments were conducted to measure the comfort of blue jeans. To investigate the objective comfort, physical properties related to thermal insulation, moisture properties and hand were measured. For subjective comfort measurement, 5 healthy female college students were taken as subjects. The outcomes of the experiments are as follows: The higher the air permeability and bulk density of the denim, the lower the thermal insulation, the thicker the denim, the higher the thermal insulation. Tencel blending denim showed the higher bulk density, the lower air contents, and consequently the lower thermal insulation than the other denims. Tencel showed the highest moisture regain, and cotton/tencel blend showed the highest water vapor permeability. Tencel denim had relatively better flexibility, shape stability and elastic recovery than the other denims. The total hand values of the denims by KES-FB system were not significantly different. Cotton and cotton/pp denims raised the subjects body temperature after excercise more than tencel or cotton/tencel denims. Average skin temperature was found to have a correlation with micro climate temperature and micro climate humidity. The correlation coefficients were 0.749 and 0.767, respectively. However, average skin temperatures were not significantly different among the materials. Pulse rate was found to be the highest when wearing cotton/pp and the lowest in case of cotton/tencel denim. The energy was consumed in order of cotton>cotton/pp>tencel>cotton/tencel. There was no significant difference in preference before excercise, but, after the excercise, the order of preference changed as the following; cotton/tencel>tencel>cotton/pp>cotton.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.287-293
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• 2021

Tablets were conventionally used to treat choline urticaria. Disadvantages of tablets included sleep inducing problems, accessibility and reduced dosage. To address this, hydrogel containing Cetirizine HCl was manufactured. The experimental method was to measure viscosity, gel fraction, degree of swelling, content evaluation, and permeability. Studies have shown that hydrogels containing Cetirizine HCl can be directly applied to occurrence area to improve Cholinergic urticaric with minimal side effects associated with the marketable tablets. This hydrogel includes other important substances including steroids which gives it an advantage when applied on the skin, improving its accessibility. In addition, it is expected that the drug manufacturing process will be able to proceed as this hydrogel is effective even when used alone.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2017

Previously, we reported LVH peptiede derived from Aurelia aurita as cosmecetuticals with anti-winkle activity. In this study, we synthesized pal-LVH using palmitic acid to enhance skin permeability of LVH and examined the effects as cosmeceuticals of pal-LVH. To evaluate these effects, we performed cell toxicity, wound healing, and patch test for skin irritation with LVH and pal-LVH and compared these results for their effects. As a result. pal-LVH was not showed in cytotoxicity and allergenic effect like as LVH. Besides, pal-LVH had almost same excellent anti-ageing properties in high concentration and anti-winkle effect in low concentrationwas as LVH. These results suggested synthesis of palimitic acid and LVH did not affect any functions as cosmeceuticals with increasing skin permeability. Therefore, pal-LVH can be adaptable as new cosmecetuticals with anti-winkle and anti-ageing materials and applied in the development of medicine through various convergence study.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.303-308
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• 2007

The oxidation of $Fe_{73}Si_{16}B_7Nb_3Cu_1$ nanocrystalline powder has been conducted to investigate its influence on the electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics of the soft magnetic material. Oxidation occurred primarily on the surface of nanocrystals. Oxidation reduced the real part of complex permeability due to the reduction of the relative volume of the powder, which otherwise contributes to the permeability. Oxidation reduced the absorption efficiency of the sheet at frequencies over 1GHz, indicating that the relative contribution of skin depth increments to the absorption was not significant. The pulverization and milling process lowered the optimum crystallization temperature of the material by $40{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ because of the internal energy accumulated during the fragmentation and powder thinning processes.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.230-236
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• 1993

A Chitulose film was made by dissolving chitin and cellulose in a dimethylacetamide/LiCl solvent system This film was completely degraded in 20 days in soil and penetrated by soil microorganisms in 16-26 hours. A permeability analysis of the film showed that water permeability was in the range of 0-187.5 $1/m^2$/day, depending upon the ratio of chitin to cellulose and decreased with increasing a cellulose content in the Chitulose film The permeabilities of organic compounds, $Na^+$ and oxygen change with the composition of the Chitulose file The film was tested with a burned 2~3degree rat for exploring its use as artificial skin. The rat was completely cured within 31 days without inflammation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2004

Geniposide and its related iridoid compounds have been used in traditional herbal medicine for thε treatment of Jaundice hepatic diseases and various inflammatorys. For the purpose to increase trandsdermal absorption, the hydrolyzed products of Gardeniae Furctus were identified and assayed of active ingredients and investigated trandsdermal absorption and anti-inflammatory effects. Geniposide was hydrolyzed to genipin by ${\beta}-glucosidase$ and it was suggested that genipin was more suitable form than geniposide for transdermal absorption by its lipophilic property. Using Franz type diffusion cell and the skin of hairless mouse, the permeation rate of hydrolyzed products and their emulsion preparation were determined. Genipin have more increased absorption ratio through the skin of hairless mouse than geniposide. Also, the emulsion of hydrolyzed products of extracts showed higher permeability than that of nonhydrolyzed preparations. After 9 hours $280.85\;{\mu}g/cm^2$ of genipin was absorbed and $193.52\;{\mu}g/cm^2$ in case of geniposide. The Js of geniposide and genipin were $26.27{\pm}4.11\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ and $40.35{\pm}5.04\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ respectively. After carrageenan injection, the swelling was increased repidly to 24 hr and maintained as plateau. but emulsion group weer reached about 2.5 mL and the swelling decreased successively form 24 hr to 72 hr. The anti-inflammation effects of extracts and hydrolyzed products emulsion were increased with significant difference with control group after 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr. In carrageenan induced edema, inhibition of swelling was increased in case of hydrolyzed product emulsion compare with nonhydrolyzed group at 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr after swelling. In histological study, the anti-inflammatory effects of hydrolyzed products were remarkable at 48 hr and 72 hr compare with nonhydrolyzed. Hydrolyzed products of Gardeniae Fructus extracts containing genipin would be a suitable preparation to increase the transdermal absorption and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2017

Ultraviolet radiation have much influenced with a deep wrinkles, roughness, laxity of skin damage and pigmentation through oxidative stress and oxidative photo-damage. This study investigates the functional properties of hydrogel facial mask sheets made from agar, Styela clava tunics and Broussonetia papyrifera tunics. The skin of S. clava is covered with a hard cellulose containing glycoprotein, glycosaminoglycan and chondroitin sulfate. B. papyrifera is better known as Paper mulberry. It contains kazinol which serves as a tyrosinase inhibitor and skin whitening agent. The tensile strength of facial mask sheet was measured by universal testing machine, and the water absorption and moisture permeability of facial mask sheet were measured by dryer. Additionally, the DPPH assay and MTT assay were conducted for anti-oxidative activity and cytotoxicity of facial mask sheet. The whitening effect of the facial mask sheet was measured by tyrosinase inhibitor assay. These tests showed that the three ingredients are suitable cosmetic materials. The results reveal that they produce a high quality hydrogel facial mask sheet when the membrane contains 1%(W/V) of agar, 0.1%(W/V) of B. papyrifera tunics and 0.05%(W/V) of S. clava tunics.