• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.914-920
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• 1989

Bleomycin and cyclophosphamide are widely used and effective anti-cancer agents for treatment of various forms of cancer. Bleomycin has no myelotoxicity, but because of potential risk of pulmonary complications including interstitial pneumonitis and idiopathic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, it has been limited in use. Some investigator has also suggested that cyclophosphamide can induce pulmonary toxicity like bleomycin. Recently, The combination chemotherapy including bleomycin and cyclophosphamide has been adopted effectively in some types of cancer. But there are no available literatures for synergistic effect of pulmonary toxicity in combination chemotherapy including these two drugs. We tried this study to observe synergism of pulmonary toxicity using these two drugs in rats. The animals were divided into five groups: group 1 received intra-peritoneal injection of saline, group 2-a received only bleomycin 0.1 mg [0.4 mg/kg] by intra-peritoneal injection twice a week, group 2-b received only bleomycin 0.5 mg [2 mg/kg] by intra-peritoneal injection twice a week, group 3-a received bleomycin 0.1 mg [0.4 mg/kg] twice a week +cyclophosphamide 5 mg [20 mg/kg] two weeks interval by intra-peritoneal injection, group 3-b received bleomycin 0.5 mg [2 mg/kg] twice a week + cyclophosphamide 5 mg[20 mg/kg] two weeks interval by intra-peritoneal injection. The animals were sacrificed at 2 and 4 weeks later. Lung tissues were obtained and observed by light microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The pathologic findings of group 1 were normal without change. 2. There was no difference between group 2-a and group 3-a at 2 weeks later, group 3-a, however, revealed more severe change in lung tissue at 4 weeks later compared with group 2-a. 3. In group 3-b there was more severe pulmonary injury compared with group 2-b at 2 and 4 weeks later. We conclude that the combined administration of bleomycin and cyclophosphamide induce more severe pulmonary toxic effect than bleomycin administration alone and the combination chemotherapy including these two drugs will be require special attention to selection of the dose of each drug.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.466-477
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• 2013

Objectives : To report and demonstrate the effect of decreasing ascites volume by SB intraperitoneal injection to a refractory ascites patient with synchronous colorectal liver metastasis and metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis. Methods : Two cycles of intraperitoneal and intravenous SB injection were conducted. Each injection cycle was made up of 4 days. Nine vials of SB were injected to the patient every day. To compare the volume of ascites between pret- and post-treatment, follow-up computed tomography was done on June 3, 2013. To observe other therapeutic effects of SB injection, laboratory tests were conducted periodically. Results : On the follow-up computed tomography images, the amount of ascites and pleural effusion had decreased compared to the April 30, 2013 computed tomography images. The levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase decreased significantly from May 9, to May 30, 2013. The amount of oral intake increased constantly during hospitalization. The patient's symptoms such as abdominal distension, abdominal pain and dyspnea were improving until discharge. Conclusions : Even if thiese results cannot be applied to every synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastasis patient, we demonstrated that SB intraperitoneal injection has ascites-decreasing effect to refractory ascites patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastasis and metachronous peritoneal carcinomatosis.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2010

Purpose: The present study was carried out to determine if Paljeong-san extract (PJS) treatment exerts beneficial effect against the glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Material and Method: PJS was selected in the basis of invigorating kidney which can eliminate pathogens. Rabbits were treated with PJS pharmacopuncture on Shin-shu ($BL_{23}$) point for 5 days right after the injection of 50% concentration of glycerol ($5m{\ell}/kg$ body weight). Results and Conclusions: Glycerol injection caused an increase in serum creatinine and BUN level and urine glucose secretion, which were accompanied by a reduction in GFR. PJS Pharmacopuncture treatment combined with peritoneal injection showed beneficial effect on glycerol-induced acute renal failure by inhibition of serum creatinine increase and GFR decrease.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.543-548
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• 2001

To examine the fate of the injected peritoneal mast cells (PMCs), we injected PMCs (500 or $10^5$) derived from WBB6F1-green fluorescent protein(GFP) mice into stomach wall of $WBB6F1-W/W^v$ mice. When 500 PMCs were injected, the proportion of alcian blue $(AB)^+$ mast cells to $GFP^+$ mast cells in the muscle was 25.0% on day 1, but decreased to 0.9% on day 7. Then, it increased to 98.2% on day 35. In contrast,$GFP^+$ mast cells in the mucosa were not detectable on day 1, 3, and 7 after injection. On day 35, the proportion of $AB^+$ mast cells to $GFP^+$ mast cells in the mucosa was 97.0%. When $10^5$ PMCs were injected, the proportion of $AB^+$ mast cells to $GFP^+$ mast cells in the muscle was more than 88.2%, and that in the mucosa was more than 86.3% from day 1 through 35 after injection. These results indicated that percentage of degranulation on day 1, 3, 7, 14 after injection of 500 PMCs was significantly higher than that after injection of $10^5$ PMCs. Futhermore, when 500 PMCs were injected, protease expression phenotypes of PMCs changed from day 14 after injection. When $10^5$ PMCs were injected, protease expression phenotype of PMCs did not change after injection. Such degranulated PMCs may acquire the new phenotype and adapt the new tissue.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7289-7294
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• 2013

We here document discovery of a new and simple model of tumor seeding involving the mouse peritoneum. Irradiated tumor cells administered by i.p. injection provided effective vaccination against peritoneal carcinomatosis and distal metastasis with colorectal carcinomas. In flow cytometric analysis, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which are easy to obtain in the peritoneal cavity, were revealed to have significant differences between immunized and non-immunized mice and these contributed to antitumor responses. We also observed that both serum and peritoneal lavage fluid harvested from immunized mice showed the presence of CT26-specific autoantibodies. In addition, increase in level of TGF-${\beta}1$ and IL-10 in serum but a decrease of TGF-${\beta}1$ in peritoneum was found. Taken together, these findings may provide a new vaccine strategy for the prevention of peritoneal and even systemic metastasis of carcinomas through induction of an autoimmune response in the peritoneum.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-114
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• 2008

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Hwagae-san extract(HGSE) on the peritoneal macrophage. Methods : To evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of HGSE, We measured cytokines(interleukin-6; IL-6, interleukin-12; IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$; TNF-${\alpha}$) and nitric oxide(NO) production in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced macrophages. Furthermore, We examined molecular mechanism using western blot and also LPS-induced endotoxin shock. Results : 1. HGSE did not have any cytotoxic effect in the peritoneal macrophages. 2. HGSE reduced LPS-induced IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-12 and NO production in peritoneal macrophages. 3. HGSE inhibited the activation of extracelluar signal-regulated kinase(ERK), C-Jun NH2-terminal kinase(JNK) but not of p38, degradation of IkB-${\alpha}$ in the LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. 4. HGSE inhibited the production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6 and IL-12 in serum after LPS injection. Conclusion : These results suggest that HGSE may inhibit the production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-12 through inhibition of ERK and JNK activation, and that HGSE may be beneficial for inflammatory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.559-564
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• 2004

The effects of intra-peritoneal injection of inorganic mercury on haemato-logical parameters and hepatic oxidative stress enzyme activities were studied in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The fish were injected thrice intra-peritoneally with mercuric chloride TEX>$(5,\;10mg\;Hg\;kg\;b.W.^{-1})$. After exposure of three different mercury concentrations a physiological stress response was exerted on C. carpio by causing changes in the blood status such as erythropenia in blood and oxidative stress in liver. Red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit level were reduced in most cases by inorganic mercury. Remarkable low level of serum chloride, calcium and osmolality were also observed in the mercury- exposed fish. However, serum magnesium and phosphate were not altered by exposure to mercury. An increased activity of hepatic glutathione peroxidase was observed in the lowest treatment group of carp $(1mg\;Hg\;mg\;b.w.^{-1})$, hence, hepatic catalase and glutathione peroxidase of carp exposed to higher concentration of mercury $(5,\;10mg\;Hg\;kg\;b.W.^{-1})$ showed significant reduction in such activities.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.259-272
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• 1988

Type I allergic reaction and it's related clinical manifestations are known to occur by the effects of various chemical mediators. These chemical mediators are released from circulating basophils and tissue mast cells, which become 'sensitized' through the binding of antigens and antibodies of the IgE type to their cell surface receptors. Efforts to elucidate the mechanism of the release of these mediators, especially that of histamine, have been persued for years. The mechanism is not yet clarified at the present time. Recent reports of hyaluronidase, an enzyme known to be involved in the tissue inflammatory process, as possible participant in type I allergic reaction, initiated this study. Relationships between the hyaluronidase activity and histamine release from the sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells were investigated. Also anti-allergic agents, tranilast and disodium cromoglycate, along with known histamine releasers, morphine and compound 48/80, were used to observe the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of these substances on the hyaluronidase activity as well as histamine release from the rat mast cells. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Hyaluronidase activity and histamine release from sensitiaed rat peritoneal mast cells started to increase on the 4th day of postsensitization. Hyaluronidase activity reached it's peak value on the 7th day of postsensitization and that of histamine release on the 14th day of postsensitization. 2) Hyaluronidase activity and histamine release from sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells, pre-treated with tranilast revealed significant decrease in comparison with those of non-treated cells. 3) Hyaluronidase activity and histamine release from sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells, pre-treated with tranilast, followed by morphine injection, revealed significant increase in comparison with those of tranilast treated cells. 4) In vitro study of hyaluronidase activity and histamine release from un-sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells, using morphine and compound 48/80 as activators, revealed significant increase compared to those of non-activator used cells. 5) In vitro study of hyaluronidase activity and histamine release from un-sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells, pre-treated with tranilast and disodium cromoglycate, using confound 48/80 and morphine as activators revealed significant decrease in comparison with those of tranilast and disodium cromoglycate treated cells. From above results, participation of enzyme hyaluronidase in the process of histamine release from sensitized rat pertioneal mast cells, could be suggested. It was also quite evident that the clinically used anti-allergic agents, tranilast and disodium cromoglycate, have significant inhibitory function on the hyaluronidase activity and histamine release from sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells, while morphine significantly increased the hyaluronidase activity and histamine release from sensitized rat peritoneal mast cells.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2018

Periodontitis is generally a chronic disorder characterized by breakdown of tooth-supporting tissues, producing dentition loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a Gramnegative anaerobic rod, is one of the major pathogens associated with periodontitis. Neutrophils are first line defense cells in the oral cavity that play a significant role in inflammatory response. Xylitol is a known anti-caries agent and has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we conducted experiments to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of xylitol on P. gingivalis infected neutrophils for possible usage in prevention and treatment of periodontal infections. P. gingivalis was intraperitoneally injected and peritoneal lavage was collected for cytokine determination. For in vitro study, neutrophils were collected from mouse peritoneal cells after zymosan injection or bone marrow cells. Neutrophils were stimulated with live P. gingivalis and ELISA was used to determine the effect of xylitol on P. gingivalis induced cytokine production. $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ concentration and neutrophil population in the peritoneal lavage was increased in P. gingivalis-infected mouse. Peritoneal cells infected with live P. gingivalis revealed significantly increased production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ at multiplicity of infection of 10. Neutrophils from bone marrow and peritoneal lavage revealed increased production of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Xylitol significantly mitigated P. gingivalis induced cytokine production in neutrophils. Findings indicate that xylitol is an anti-inflammatory agent in neutrophils infected with live P. gingivalis, that suggests its use in periodontitis management.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.840-847
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• 2023

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer), a member of the Araliaceae family, is known as a traditional medicinal plant to have a wide range of health properties. Polysaccharides constitute a major component of Korean ginseng, and its berries exhibit immune-modulating properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune effects of crude polysaccharide (GBPC) extracted from Korean ginseng berry on peritoneal macrophages in mice with cyclophosphamide (CY)- induced immunosuppression. BALB/c mice were divided into eight groups: normal control, normal control + CY, levamisole + CY, ginseng + CY, and four concentrations of 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW/day of GBPC + CY. Mice were orally administered with samples for 10 days. Immunosuppression was established by treating mice with CY (80 mg/kg BW/day) through intraperitoneal injection on days 4 to 6. The immune function of peritoneal macrophages was then evaluated. Oral administration of 500 mg/kg BW/day GBPC resulted in proliferation, NO production, and phagocytosis at 100%, 88%, and 91%, respectively, close to the levels of the normal group (100%) of peritoneal macrophages. In CY-treated mice, GBPC of 50-500 mg/kg BW/day also dose-dependently stimulated the proliferation, NO production, and phagocytosis at 56-100%, 47-88%, and 53-91%, respectively, with expression levels of immune-associated genes, such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, of about 0.32 to 2.87-fold, compared to those in the CY group. GBPC could be a potential immunomodulatory material to control peritoneal macrophages under an immunosuppressive condition.