• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.19 no.1 s.19
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• pp.45-55
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• 1986

It is well known that Korea is one of the endemic area for type B viral hepatitis. A screening test for HBsAg by RPHA method was performed to evaluate the prevalence of HBsAg among urban, rural and coastal area population during the period between Jan. 1985 and Aug. 1985. The results obtained are as follows; 1) The HBsAg was detected in 242 among 2,849 with positive rate of 8.49%. The positive rate by sex showed higher rate in males(9.07%) than females(6.79%) for HBsAg. But these differences by sen were not statistically significant. 2) By living area, the positivity of HBsAg was 8.67% in urban, 7.43% in rural and 8.37% in coastal area. But the differences were not statistically significant. 3) The positivity differences of HBsAg were significantly observed between male(9.26%) and female(6.44%) in urban area. But there was not in rural and coastal area. 4) The positivity was the highest in 4th decade in urban area. But 6th decade in rural and 4th and 5th decade in coastal area. Generally the positivity of HBsAg was more prevalent in young age and decreasing by the age increasing in the male. But in the female it was most common in 6th decade. 5) Elevated SGOT(>40 Unit) was significantly higher in HBsAg positive group(13.6%) than in HBsAg negative group(3.4%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.188-196
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to characterize the litter sizes in Huanghuai goats with high prolificacy (HP, five or more kids born per litter on at least one occasion), and to compare their peripheral blood concentrations of progesterone and estradiol with those of goats with poor prolificacy (PP, up to three kids born per litter on any occasion). The circulating concentrations of progesterone and estradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay from daily blood samples taken during natural estrus cycles and at 1-5 days after ovariectomy. Estrus was synchronized using two doses of a prostaglandin analog. Litter size for the HP goats increased up to a parity of five and decreased thereafter. The percentage of goats with litter sizes of $\geq$4 from parities 3 to 6 ranged from 44.5% to 58.3%. Although small differences in litter size were obtained for goats of parities three, four and six relative to five, parity five does had the highest mean litter size. Progesterone concentrations began to rise earlier and were higher in the HP than in the PP goats on most days of the luteal phase, but not during the follicular phase of the cycle or after ovariectomy. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.05) in the magnitude of the progesterone plateau. Mean estradiol concentrations in the HP group remained significantly higher than in the PP group (p<0.05) during the estrus cycle. There were two estradiol peaks in the HP goats during the early luteal phase, but only one in the PP group. Measurements of individual corpora lutea (CL) in vitro showed that there was a greater prevalence of small CL (<6 mm in diameter) in the HP group than in the PP group (p<0.05). After ovariectomy, the estradiol level on day 1 was significantly higher than at the nadir during the estrus cycle in both the HP (p<0.01) and PP (p<0.05) goats, while levels decreased by 12.3% and 26.2% respectively compared with the mid-luteal period in HP and PP goats (p<0.05). The overall mean estradiol concentrations in HP goats were lower than in the PP group, but no significant differences were found between groups at 1-5 days after ovariectomy.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.171-176
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• 2010

Jaeumgeonbi-tang Gamibang is noted as effective method to treat a dizziness in Korean Medicine. The main purpose of this research is analysis of the effects of Jaeumgeonbi-tang Gamibang on dizziness patients. In following research, 70 cases of dizziness patients who treated in Daejeon oriental medicine hospital from Oct, 2004 to Feb, 2009 were researched. The research is focused on clinical efficacy of Jaeumgeonbi-tang Gamibang. This research measured DHI and VAS before Jaeumgeonbi-tang Gamibang were prescribed. And Jaeumgeonbi-tang Gamibang were treated to all 70 patients. Finally DHI and VAS were measured again. Before this research, We had characterized and searched such as age, prevalence period, prescribed dosage, sex, vertigo type, pathological history in 70 patients. And DHI and VAS score were compared each other. The compared characteristic data shows that every cases were effective, in the DHI and VAS comparison, between pre-treatment and post-treatment group, vertigo and dizziness group, man and woman group. but In the age case, some age group were not effective. Conclusion: Most cases, we gained effective results. These result suggest that Jaeumgeonbi-tang might be effective in treatment of dizziness patients although man or woman, vertigo or dizziness.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1981

The objective of the study is to measure the changes in measles infection and measles vaccination rates for the past 10 years in a rural area, Kang Wha. The study population were the entire children who were born between 1971 and 1950 in three townships (Sunwon, Naegae, Buleun) in Kangwha County. Two interview surveys were carried out during the 10 years of period, one in 1977 and the other in 1981. The data were collected by Family Health Workers through interview with structured questionnaires. The diagnosis of measles was mainly based on histories, symptoms and sighs of the disease. If a mother had reported measles history of her child, a public physician reviewed and decided the final diagnosis of the reported case. A retrospective cohort observation was done in order to see the trends of measles infections and measles vaccinations. The major findings were as follows; 1. The 5 year prevalence rate of measles vaccinations was 51.3% between 1971 and 1975 and 71.9% between 1976 and 1980 respectively. The difference between two periods was statistically significant (P<0.05). The secular trend of measles vaccinations showed increasing tendency from 1971 to 1978 and since then kept maintained. 2. In the birth cohort analysis of measles vaccinations, the vaccination rates, in general, were higher in the later cohort groups than that of earlier cohort groups. 9. The 5-year experience rates for measles infections were 24.3% between 1971 and 1975 and 17.2% between 1976 and 1980 respectively. This difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The secular trend of experience rates for measles infections showed decreasing tendency from 1971 to 1980 except an outbreak in 1976. 4. The birth cohort analysis of experience rates for measles infections showed that the rate was higher in the later cohort groups than that of the earlier cohort groups. This decreasing tendency was prominent between $1973{\sim}1974$ and $1976{\sim}1977$. 5. The distribution of age specific incidence rates for measles infections showed unimodal curve with the peak at the age of 12 to 18 months. This findings were same in both two surveys. 6. Seasonal variations of the measles infections showed two peaks, one major peak in March through May and the another minor peak in September through December. 7. The 5-year reduction rate for measles infections among those vaccinated was 90.4% between 1971 and 1975 and 88% between 1976 and 1980.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2014

Objective : Despite the high prevalence and clinical importance of panic disorder, studies on the clinical characteristics and course of panic disorder are relatively rare. This study is a multi-center, and retrospective study to examine the clinical characteristics and course of Korean panic disorder patients who visit university hospital. Methods : The study subjects were panic disorder patients who had visited the psychiatric outpatient clinics of 8 university hospitals in South Korea from January to December in 2008. Finally, 238 panic patients were included in this study. Their medical charts were retrospectively reviewed and reassessed by experienced psychiatrists to examine their clinical characteristics, demographic data and clinical course in repose to pharmacotherapy. Results : Among the 238 patients (121 males vs. 117 females), the mean age of disease onset was $41.3{\pm}12.7$ years and female patients showed 5 years older age of disease onset, compared with male patients. The mean score of PSR scale was $4.5{\pm}1.0$ at the first visit, reflecting a 'marked' level of severity of illness and impairment in functioning. Only 110 patients (46.4%) completed the whole follow up visits, whereas 128 patients (53.6%) dropped out during the treatment. After $17.7{\pm}0.5$ months of mean follow up period, the mean score of PSR scale at the last visit was reduced into $2.1{\pm}0.9$, reflecting a 'residual' severity of illness and impairment in functioning. The cumulative recovery rate was 62.1% in the completer group, whereas that of the drop-out group was 47.7%. Conclusions : The mean age of disease onset in Korean panic disorder patients who had visited university hospital was about 10 years older than that of Western panic disorder patients in previous studies, and the Korean panic disorder patients who had visited university hospital showed a relatively higher cumulative recovery rate. These differences might result from an ethnic difference in clinical characteristics and course in response to pharmacotherapy of panic disorder.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the association between sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in Korean postmenopausal women. Methods: We analyzed data of 2,019 postmenopausal women aged 50-64 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2008-2011 and were free of cardiovascular disease history. Blood pressure, height, and weight were measured. We analyzed the serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Waist circumference was used to measure obesity. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body weight<1 standard deviation below the gender-specific means for healthy young adults. The estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk was calculated by Pooled Cohort Equation. Subjects were classified as non-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, or sarcopenic obesity based on status of waist circumference and appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity was 16.3% (n=317) and 18.3% (n=369), respectively. The 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk in the sarcopenic obesity group was higher ($3.82{\pm}0.22%$) than the normal group ($2.73{\pm}0.09%$) and sarcopenia group ($3.17{\pm}0.22%$) (p < 0.000). The odd ratios (ORs) for the ${\geq}7.5%$ 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk were significantly higher in the sarcopenic obesity group (OR 3.609, 95% CI: 2.030-6.417) compared to the sarcopenia group (OR 2.799, 95% CI: 1.463-5.352) (p for trend < 0.000) after adjusting for independent variables (i.e., exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) score, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake and hormonal replacement therapy). Conclusions: Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity appear to be associated with higher risk factors predicting the 10-year risks of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women. These findings imply that maintaining normal weight and muscle mass may be important for cardiovascular disease risk prevention in postmenopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2015

The seasonal pattern of larvae, nymph and adult life stages for three tick species were studied for April-October, 2014. Haemaphysalis longicornis (610), Haemaphysalis flava (296) and Ixodes nipponensis (15) were collected from Pocheon by the dragging and flagging method. H.longicornis (254), H.flava (345) and I.nipponensis (15) were collected from Cheolwon in the same way. H.longicornis adults peaked in June while nymphs were more frequently collected from April through June. In contrast, H.longicornis larvae were collected only in September and October. H.flava adults were collected in April, September, and October while nymphs were collected from April through October. The nymphs peaked in April in Pocheon while May was the peak in Cheolwon. Larvae of H.longicornis and H.flava were collected only in September and October. I.nipponensis adults and nymphs were more frequently collected in April, while the larvae were not collected during that period. Collecting ticks by the dragging and flagging method provides estimates of population densities for life stages of the selected species and the associated disease risk. These results can be used to predict seasonal population densities of ticks and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 2014

PURPOSE. This in vitro study investigated the fracture resistance of endodontically treated premolars restored using silorane-or methacrylate-based composite along with or without fiber or nano-ionomer base. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety-six intact maxillary premolars were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 12). G1 (negative control) was the intact teeth. In Groups 2-8, root canal treatment with mesio-occlusodistal preparation was performed. G2 (positive control) was kept unrestored. The other groups were restored using composite resin as follows: G3, methacrylate-based composite (Z250); G4, methacrylate composite (Z250) with polyethylene fiber; G5 and G6, silorane-based composite (Filtek P90) without and with the fiber, respectively; G7 and G8, methacrylate-and silorane-based composite with nano-ionomer base, respectively. After aging period and thermocycling for 1000 cycles, fracture strength was tested and fracture patterns were inspected. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests (${\alpha}$=0.05). RESULTS. Mean fracture resistance for the eight groups (in Newton) were G1: $1200{\pm}169^a$, G2: $360{\pm}93^b$, G3: $632{\pm}196^c$, G4: $692{\pm}195^c$, G5: $917{\pm}159^d$, G6: $1013{\pm}125^{ad}$, G7: $959{\pm}148^d$, G8: $947{\pm}105^d$ (different superscript letters revealed significant difference among groups). Most of the fractures in all the groups were restorable, except Group 3. CONCLUSION. Silorane-based composite revealed significantly higher strength of the restored premolars compared to that of methacrylate one. Fiber insertion demonstrated no additional effect on the strength of both composite restorations; however, it increased the prevalence of restorable fracture of methacrylate-based composite restored teeth. Using nano-ionomer base under methacrylate-based composite had a positive effect on fracture resistance and pattern. Only fiber-reinforced silorane composite restoration resulted in a strength similar to that of the intact teeth.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effect of mandibular midline shift and difference of mandibular height between both sides on the electromyo- graphic(EMG) activity of the masticatory muscles on clenching or gum chewing movement. For this study, 105 patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMD) were selected and panoramic radiograph were taken. Amount and side of the midline shift and height of the mandible from antegonial notch to the top of the condylar head were measured on panoramic view. $BioEMG^{(R)}$ (Bioresearch Inc., Milwaukee, USA) was used for recording of EMG activity(${\mu}V$) of the anterior temporalis and the superficial masseter on clenching or gum chewing movement. EMG activity on clenching during 533msec period were measured for activity of the starting point and the one second-after activity as the early EMG and the maximum EMG, respectively. EMG activity on gum chewing movement were measured for activity of the first and the second chewing stroke. The data collected were analysed by SPSS windows program, and the results of this study were as follows : 1. Height of the mandible was 8.06cm on right side and 8.03cm on left side, and showed no difference by age, but significantly differed by sex with higher in male subjects. 2. Mean value of the midline shift was 0.1mm with range of 0~5mm on both sides. The amount and side of the midline shift did not related with height difference of the mandible and/or the EMG activity of the masticatory muscles on clenching. 3. Prevalence of higher right side and higher left side of the mandible were almost same, and the EMG activity of higher side was not higher than that of the other side. 4. In the subjects with height difference of more than 5mm between both sides of the mandible, the early EMG activity on clenching were differed for the anterior temporalis, but the maximum activity were differed for the superficial masseter. 5. In the subjects with height difference of more than 5mm between both sides of the mandible, EMG activity of the anterior temporalis of the gum chewing side was not higher than that of the other side when chewing on the side of lower height, but in the subjects with height difference of less than 5mm, the EMG activity was higher than that of the other side.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.68-85
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of mothers' condition including the level of knowledge and parenting stress that mothers have on infant development. The subjects of this study are 270 mothers whose infants range in age from birth to 36 months. The instruments used are: 1)KCDI(Knowledge of Child Development Inventory, Larsen & Juhasz, 1985) 2)Parenting Stress Scale(Kim & Kang, 1997), and a demographic questionnaire. The data analyses use SPSS 12.0 which employs basic statistics, reliability test, and t-test. This study is time-lag design covering five years. Therefore, the data collected originates from 2002 and 2007 to constitute input from two times. The results of this study indicate that the average pregnancy from the 2007 statistics occurred 0.46 months earlier, after marriage, as compared to pregnancies in 2002. Mothers who gave birth by natural birth increased from 59.9 % to 75.3 % over the five year period. Regarding knowledge of infant development, the level of mothers' knowledge was lower in 2007 than in 2002 according to study results. The level of parenting stress of mothers increased for the 2007 statistics as compared to the 2002 survey.