• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2013

This study was carried out to evaluate the visual turfgrass's color quality, winter color, and spring green-up under three different soil systems and to make a practical use for sports turf design and construction. Several turfgrasses were evaluated in multi-layer, USGA and mono-layer systems. Turfgrass entries in the study comprised of 3 cultivars from Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) of typical warm-season grass (WSG) and 3 blends and 3 mixtures from Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (TF, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) of cool-season grass (CSG). Significant differences were observed in the turfgrass's color quality, winter color, and spring green-up in the study. Seasonal variation of visual turf color greatly occurred according to soil systems and turfgrasses. Multi-layer and USGA systems were highly associated with better visual color ratings, as compared with mono-layer system. Regardless of soil system, visual turf color in all entries was better from spring to fall than in winter. Great color differences were observed during a period of early December to early spring. CSG produced a better color quality over WSG in any soil system. Overall color ratings for CSG were KB > PR > Mixtures > TF. As for a winter color, its ranking was USGA > multi-layer > mono-layer system. No difference was found in winter among cultivars of Korean lawngrass, being completely brown, but great differences among CSG. Rated best for winter color was PR, followed by CSG mixtures, KB and finally TF in order. It was generally conceded that fast green-up in spring was greatly related with multi-layer over mono-layer system and also CSG over WSG. Among CSG, TF had a fastest green-up. PR was also fast in green-up, but poor in color uniformity. KB, however, was the slowest due to shallow rooting system, when compared with other CSGs. These results demonstrate color differences were greatly variable according to soil systems and also among turfgrass species. A precise decision should be made in selecting turfgrass species and soil system. Multi-layer and USGA systems were considered as the suitable one for turfgrass color quality, winter color and spring green-up. It is a great necessity to combine proper soil system, right turfgrass species, and appropriate mixing rates by a concept-oriented approach, when establishing garden, parks, soccer field, and golf courses and so on.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.552-557
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• 2006

Purpose : The recent results observed in precocious puberty and the hope that interrupting puberty might increase adult height have led to an attempt to use GnRH agonist(GnRHa) in children with premature puberty and a poor growth prognosis. We aimed to analyze the growth promoting effect of GnRHa in girls with early puberty and low predicted adult height(PAH). Methods : Thirty six girls were recruited. They were grouped according to the GnRHa treatment period(group 1>6 mo, n=18; group 2<6 mo, n=18). The following variables were analyzed before and after GnRHa treatment : chronological age(CA), bone age(BA), ${\Delta}age$(CA-BA), height, target height (TH), PAH, serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3. Results : Duration of the GnRHa treatment was $0.89{\pm}0.81yr$($1.37{\pm}0.92yr$ in group 1, and $0.41{\pm}0.08yr$ in group 2). Before treatment, none of the variables were different between the two groups. There were no differences in the following variables the between two groups at the end of treatment : CA, BA, ${\Delta}age$, PAH, serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3. But, growth velocity(GV) and PAH increment during treatment were significantly reduced in group 1. Compared with initial PAH, PAH at the end of treatment was significantly increased($3.7{\pm}3.2cm$). The last serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were lower than those before treatment. Conclusion : Even though last PAH didn't approach TH, short term GnRHa administration in early puberty with low predicted PAH was somewhat effective. But, GnRHa administration suppressed the growth hormone-IGF-1 axis. Therefore, it is recommended that growth hormone(GH) should be used in combination with GnRHa.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.333-338
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• 2017

Ethnography is concerned about specifically-based behavior and belief and the learned pattern of language and aims to describe and interpret them. Therefore, it is a classical form of qualitative research that was developed by anthropologists who spent for long time in conducting fieldworks within the cultural group. The results of analyzing ethnographic research methods of doctoral dissertations in Korea are as follows. First, the number of research participants in data collection methods was 1-10(32 dissertations, 44.4%), 11-20(18, 25%), 21-30(13, 18.1%), 31-40(2, 2.7%), and others(7, 9.8%). Second, data collection methods were in-depth interview(71, 98.6%), participant observation(70, 97.2%), document data(38, 52.7%), engineering device(12, 16.6%), and others(8, 11.1%). Data collection periods were 3-5 months(7 dissertation, 9.8%), 6-8 months(15, 20.8%), 9-11 months(14, 19.6%), 12-14 months(13, 18.1%), more than 15 months(17, 23.6%), and unpresented(4, 5.4%). Third, trustworthiness criteria were triangulation(46 dissertation, 63.9%), research participants' evaluation of study results 44(61.1%), peer researchers' advice and indication(33, 45.8%), follow-up(25, 34.7%), use of reference(20, 27.8%), reflexive subjectivity(17, 23.6%), intensive observation for a sufficient period(10, 13.9%), in-depth description(7, 9.8%), and others(7, 9.8%).

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.228-236
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• 2007

Purpose: We have evaluated changes of body composition for patients that underwent a radical gastrectomy for stomach cancer by the use of available bioelectrical impedance analysis during the first year following surgery. We plan to utilize these findings in nutritional and physiological studies. Materials and Methods: We evaluated clinical changes in body composition in patients using the bioelectrical impedance method (Inbody 4.0, Biospace, Korea), between November 2003 to November 2004. A total of 98 patients agreed to enroll in this study among all of the patients that underwent a radical gastrectomy. Results: The average weight decreased by 6.7%, and 9.4%, within the first and 6 months after surgery, respectively (P<0.01). The fat free mass (FFM) dropped by 4.9% within the first month and there were no more changes after this period (P<0.01). The fat mass (FM) and visceral fat area (VFA) decreased 24.3% and 14.1% within the first 6 months (P<0.01), respectively. The reduction effects for female patients were greater than for male patients for weight, FFM and VFA (P<0.05). The edema index was higher in patients with stage III-IV disease than in patients with stage I-II disease (P<0.05). There were significant differences for Billroth I and Billrothl II patients as compared to patients that underwent an esophagojejunostomy for a reduction of the FM, as measured in the in the 12th month after surgery (27.6%, 22.1%, and 41.2%, respectively; P<0.05). Conclusion: Since nutritional supplementation and an improvement in body weight loss after a radical gastrectomy is significantly related with quality of life, nutritional and physiological studies should be greatly considered. In this study, bioelectrical impedance analysis was very useful in analyzing the diminution of body composition and we hope this study on the nutritional and physiological aspects related to a radical gastrectomy will be useful for later studies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2010

This paper aims to analyze success factors for the construction of Supdari(a traditional wooden bridge to connect small streams temporarily), which is a citizens' initiative project to revitalize local community in Jeonju-River, Jeonju City. Recently Supdari has been restored for the use of belongings in local festivals. But Jeonju-River Supdari was designed and built to unite local citizens and connect river-divided villages. This project shows how investing social capital like Supdari makes the community vitalize through citizen's active participation. As a citizen leading project, there were several critical factors for sucess. At first, there were some noticeable ways to encourage local citizen's participation in online and offline. In the online, the Supdari internet cafe introduced what is a Supdari, how to make it and where we build using various media of UCCs and photos. In the offline, the small scaled model of Supdari was made and exhibited in the entrance of the village and related several seminars were hosted to discuss how to construct Supdari with citizens, local assembly men and public officials together. The Second is the movement to restore traditional and cultural resources for the community recovery triggered the supports from local councils and many civic groups. Civic groups supported ecological and structural expertise to guarantee environment friendly and stable construction. And local councils mediated citizen's and administrative office's opinions. The third is flexible administrative management to help citizen's ideas to be realized. Officials extended setting period of Supdari on the condition with the civic-control safety management.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.715-721
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• 1999

Background:The number of old patients receiving coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) is increasing. With the more recent advances in operative techniques, the age at which CABG is indicated has also increased. This study evaluated the risk factors associated with the hospital mortality and the morbidity following CABG in elderly patients. Material and Method: Between March 1991 and June 1998, we retrospectively reviewed 45 consecutive patients aged 65 years or older who underwent CABG. We compared the data with the results of 179 patients under the age 65 years operated during the same period. Result: Mean age was 68${\pm}$1.41 years(range 65 to 74 years). Emergency surgery was required in 4, and elective surgery in 41 patients. The mean number of distal anastomosis per patient was 3.62 ${\pm}$0.81 and mean aortic cross-cramp time was 69.84${\pm}$18.5 minutes. Thirty patients had Canadian class III or IV preoperatively, but 43 patients had class I or II postoperatively. The left ventricular ejection fraction increased significantly from 54.23${\pm}$10.62% preoperatively to 58.14${\pm}$9.88% postoperatively(p<0.05). Postoperative complication was pneumonia in 2 patients, acute renal failure in 2 patients, sternal wound infection in 1 patient, and postoperative myocardial infarction in 1 patient. There were two postoperative deaths. The causes of deaths were low output syndrome in one patient, and sepsis due to pneumonia in the other patient. The hospital mortality was higher in the elderly group(4.4 versus 2.86%) but was not statistically significant(p>0.05). Incremental risk factors for hospital deaths in the elderly were emergent operation, preoperative PTCA, postoperative use of IABP and postoperative ARF(p<0.05). The duration of hospital stay after operation was significantly longer for the elderly group than the younger group(19.27${\pm}$12.51 vs 15.55${\pm}$6.99 days; p＜ 0.05). Follow-up was complete for 34 of the hospital survivors and ranged from 1 to 73 months(mean: 23.58${\pm}$19.56 months). There was no late mortality of cardiac origin. Conclusion: Age is an important factor in selecting optimal management for elderly patients with coronary compromise, but age alone should not dictate the choice of therapy. Coronary artery bypass surgery in the elderly is associated with acceptable early mortality and excellent long-term results.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.30
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• pp.201-219
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• 2013

Development of digital media in education field at America, UK, Japan etc bring big progress on digital device if education. Japan bring huge progress on digital education by nationally. UK use huge a national budget at digital education development and Sweden which is advanced country of education and a welfare state. Especially UK and Sweden's digital education markets are full now aspect more high quality design. Korea which is advanced country of IT adopted digital text book 2007 with mathematics, through science and English digital text book through the state. Korea's digital text book is in a transition period. that needs case study of advanced country of education for setting design guide and educational effect to digital education media and device plan. All researches are based on LG europe design center at London. Analysis by using KJ method, survey of questionnaire, heuristic method at 4 schools in UK and Sweden. Through analytical researches want to more reality simulation at digital education, and high quality contents with digital socialization. co-work with analog, can get any where, anytime user want without any difficulty. Also interactive GUI design of digital education device to easy to access for user. When plan Digital text book content and design needs methodical design guide for target who students and environment an in-depth study of the appraisal and method. The results of the research are introduce the design plan as a basic research and giving useful design plan to make digital educational media in Korea industrial aspect.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.198-204
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• 2007

Purpose : The hope that arresting pubertal developement might increase final adult height has led to an attempt to use GnRH agonist (GnRHa) in children with early puberty and poor growth prognosis. We investigated the growth-promoting effect of GnRH agonists with or without growth hormone (GH) in girls with early puberty and decreased predicted adult height (PAH). Methods : Thirty five girls with advanced bone age and early pubertal signs were randomized for treatment for about 1 year with monthly GnRHa in group 1 (n=18), or with a combination of GH and GnRHa in group 2 (n=17). The following growth parameters were compared between groups, and the difference ($\Delta$) before and after treatment : chronological age (CA), bone age (BA), $\Delta$(BA-CA), height (HT), target height (TH), predicted adult height (PAH), $\Delta$ (TH-PAH), serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-3). Results : Before treatment, BA, TH, PAH Standard deviation scores (SDS), $\Delta$(TH-PAH) were not different between the two groups, but CA was higher in group 2 and $\Delta$(BA-CA) were higher in group 1 (P<0.05). After $1.06{\pm}0.93$ year of treatment, $\Delta$ (BA-CA) decreased and there were significant changes in PAH and $\Delta$ (TH-PAH), especially in group 2 (P<0.05 in group 1, and P<0.001 in group 2). In both groups, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were not different before and after treatment, but after treatment, IGF-1 level in group 2 was marginally higher than IGF-1 in group 1 (P<0.1). Conclusion : Compromised predicted adult height in girls with early puberty and advanced bone age was significantly improved with GnRH with/without GH treatment in the short-term period. The addition of GH to GnRHa results in a significant increase in PAH compared to GnRHa alone because GnRHa suppressed growth hormone-IGF-1 axis. For comparison of final adult height, further longitudinal follow-up will be needed.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.185-207
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• 2006

Predominant explanations of the persistence of sex segregation ill occupations link job choices to profoundly gendered responses to childbearing and other family demands, arguing that women are more likely to seek jobs which are in some sense compatible with motherhood, either because they are family friendly (flexible, low intensity work) or because they are easy to exit and re-enter. In this paper, I examine the effect of occupational sex segregation on job exits into the labor market among women, with a special attention to the role of childbearing and child rearing. I use data from detailed employment histories gathered from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) in continuous time event history models. My results indicate that women in female dominated jobs are less likely to exit their jobs than women in other types of occupations. Further this relationship is not shaped by motherhood. While mothers or pregnant women are more likely to leave work, mothers in female-dominated occupations are slightly less likely to leave employment than mothers in other occupations. These results are not consistent with the ideas that women's choice of female-dominated occupations expresses a gendered identity and women strategically seek jobs which accommodate maternal roles. Taken together, my findings do not provide support to the idea that women choose female-dominated occupations because they are easier to integrate with motherhood (except for the pregnancy period).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.688-694
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• 2021

Turanose is a potential candidate for use as a functional sweetener because of its gentle taste, low calorie, and non-cariogenicity. The aim of this study was to replace sucrose with turanose to produce health-beneficial maesil-cheong. Quality effects of turanose on maesil-cheong were evaluated by determining the contents of free sugars, organic acids, amygdalin, and antioxidant activity. The pH and Brix values of sucrose- and turanose-based maesil-cheong remained at the same level between 2.83 and 3.00 and 54.6-58.6°Bx, respectively, after 90-day storage. Among oxalic, malic, and citric acids, citric acid content was the highest in both maesil-cheong samples. Turanose did not significantly hydrolyze in maesil-cheong, whereas sucrose was completely hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose. Thus, turanose is suitable for the development of acidic maesil-cheong to improve its health promoting effect. Turanose showed product qualities similar to sucrose-based maesil-cheong. Turanose can be used as a functional sweetener or bulking agent in processed foods.