• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2006

Research was initiated to investigate vegetation coverage and growth of main herbaceous flowers under low maintenance condition like a wild state. Eleven entries were comprised of 1 annual, 2 biennials and 8 perennials from widely used herbaceous flowers in Korea. Vegetation coverage and germination rate were high on annual and biennials when compared to perennials. Callistephus chinensis showed high vegetation coverage but lasted only for a year in 2001 and disappeared in 2002 as an annual. Oenothera odorata and Oenothera lamarckiana were also high vegetation coverage species with persistent only for two years as biennials. Therefore, these species should not be used in a large amount for ecological restoration when mixed with perennials because of affecting the vegetation coverage of perennials. There were considerable variations in vegetation coverage with perennial herbaceous flowers : Lotus corniculatus and Taraxacum platycarpum-high vegetation coverage species, Platycodon grandiflorum, Aster tataricus and Aster koraiensis-medium vegetation coverage species, and Aster yomena, Patrinia scabiosaefolia and Chrysanthemum indicum-low vegetation coverage species. Growth types of herbaceous flowers tested in this research were divided into 4 types : Callistephus chinensis, Oenothera lamarckiana and Aster koraiensis-wide leaf and tall type, Aster tataricus, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, Oenothera odorata, Taraxacum platycarpum, and Aster yomena-medium leaf and medium tall type, Platycodon grandiflorum-fine leaf and dwarf type, and Lotus corniculatus-fine leaf and tall type.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.374-383
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• 2023

Capsicum annuum (CA) is grown outdoors across fields in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea. The weeds surrounding these fields were investigated regarding the infection of 11 viruses infecting CA during the year 2014-2018. In the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction diagnosis, 546 out of 821 CA samples (66.5%) were infected by nine viruses, and 190 out of 918 weed samples (20.7%) were infected by eight viruses. Correlation analysis of the mutual influence of the viruses infecting CA and weeds during these 5 years showed that five viruses had significant positive correlations with the infection in both CA and weeds. Over the study period, the weeds infected by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the previous year were positively correlated with the incidence of CMV infection in CA in the current year, although the correlation was lower for tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) compared to CMV. The CMV infection percent was 14.0% in summer annuals, 11.4% in perennials, and 7.8% in winter annuals. However, considering the overwintering period without CA, the infection percent was 5.2% higher in winter annuals and perennials than that in summer annuals, indicating that winter annual and perennial weeds served as the main habitats for insect vectors. The TSWV infection percent in weeds was 10.4% in summer annuals, 6.4% in winter annuals, and 6.2% in perennials. The weeds surrounding CA fields, acting as the intermediate hosts, were found to be the potent sources of infection, influencing the spread and diversity of CA-infecting viruses. The results of this study can contribute to prevent viral infection in agricultural fields.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 1998

본 연구는 자생지 조사와 농장에서의 직접재배를 통하여 100종의 자생초본식물 외형적 특성과 생태적 특성을 고려하여 조경 녹화용으로의 용도를 분류할 목적으로 실시하였으며, 그 결과 조경대상지의 녹화목적을 고려하여 7개 종류의 용도에 따라 적정한 식물군을 분류하였다. 식물의 형태적, 생태적, 이용적 특성 등을 종합하여 고려할 때 금낭화, 술패랭이, 벌개미취, 층꽃나무, 좀씀바귀, 나리류, 구절초류, 기린초류, 양지꽃류, 비비추류, 원추리류, 맥문동류 등의 종들은 특별한 녹화기술 없이도 우리나라 전국 어디서나 목적과 장소를 불문하고 장기간의 좋은 녹화소재로써 이용이 가능할 것으로 생각되며, 이들의 과감한 식재를 통해 자생식물에 대한 인식을 높일 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2006

Ecological correlates of flowering times often are examined to infer evolutionary mechanisms for flowering time diversities. We examined ecological characteristic associations such as growth habits and pollination modes with flowering times among 3,037 Korean angiosperms experiencing strong climatic seasonalities. We first examined taxonomic membership effects on flowering times across diverse taxonomic levels. Phylogeny constrained flowering times at all levels down to the genus level. We then analyzed the effects of ecological characteristics using subset data consisting of species randomly selected from each genus to control phylogenetic effects. The commonly observed patterns of early flowering of woody species in temperate regions existed. Spring flowering shrubs and trees, however, both being woody, were involved with biotic and abiotic vectors, respectively. In two herbaceous groups of annuals and perennials, annuals flowered later in the growing season than perennials although both herbs tended to be associated with abiotic vectors when flowering in autumn. These results support our hypothesis that species able to decouple vegetative and reproductive growth flower in spring's dry season, but species with different habits, even when they flower within the same season, are subjected to different selective pressures for efficient pollination.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.165-178
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• 2017

작약 밭에서 잡초의 발생 특성을 파악하기 위하여 2015년 6-7월에 경북 의성, 청송, 전남 화순, 장흥, 강진 등의 지역에서 조사한 결과를 보면 다음과 같다. 전체 작약 밭에서는 국화과 30종, 벼과 9종, 마디풀과 8종, 콩과, 메꽃과 각각 5종, 십자화과, 현삼과 각각 4종을 포함하여 35과 105종이 발생하였다. 생활형별로는 일년생 49종, 월년생 23종, 다년생 33종이었다. 우점도가 큰 잡초는 바랭이, 쇠비름, 명아주, 피, 깨풀 등의 순이었다. 경북지역에서는 국화과 20, 벼과 7, 마디풀과 6, 십자화과 4종, 콩과 4종, 메꽃과 4종, 대극과 3종을 포함하여 30과 75종이 발생하였다. 상위 2개 과에 포함하는 잡초가 31종으로 44.7%를 차지하였다. 생활형별로는 일년생 35종, 월년생 21종, 다년생 19종이었다. 우점도가 큰 잡초는, 쇠비름, 깨풀, 명아주, 속속이풀, 피 등의 순이었다. 전남지역에서는 국화과 23종, 벼과 7종, 마디풀과 8종, 콩과 6종을 포함하여 34과 88종이 발생하였다. 생활형별로는 일년생 43종, 월년생 20종, 다년생 25종이었다. 우점도가 큰 잡초는 바랭이, 쑥, 쇠비름, 망초, 명아주, 개여뀌, 피 등의 순이었다. 이와 같이 작약 재배지에서 일년생, 월년생 및 다년생 잡초가 다양하게 발생하고 있어 이에 따른 잡초방제 체계가 설정되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.109-116
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• 2017

This study was carried out two surveys in 2015 to monitor weed occurrence and determine the most troublesome weeds in peach orchards of Korea. The first survey identified 56 taxa belonging to 23 families including 27 annuals, 11 biennials, and 18 perennials. Based on importance values, Conyza canadensis (5.12%), Plantago asiatica (4.17%), and Trifolium repens (3.86%) were the dominant weeds in the first survey (from April to June). Seventeen exotic weeds were identified in the first survey, including Conyza canadensis, Trifolium repens, and Chenopodium ficifolium. The second survey (from September to October) identified 42 weeds belonging to 19 families including 23 annuals, 5 biennials, and 14 perennials. According to importance values, Digitaria ciliaris (8.00%) was the most dominant weed, followed by Echinochloa utilis (6.61%) and Rorippa palustris (6.48%). There were 12 exotic weeds, including Taraxacum officinale, Rumex crispus, and Trifolium repens. Additionally, according to Braun-Blanquet's scale showed that the dominance value was level 1 (41.98% and 46.43%, respectively) in two surveys. Currently, 40% of the total surveyed peach orchards applied herbicides for weed control. These results could provide basic data to assist orchardists in selecting the most suitable weed management methods; thereby, reducing labor inputs and effectively lowering costs while improving fruit yields in peach orchards of Korea.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the dominance and distribution of weed species in organic and conventional paddy fields. The organic paddy fields were maintained for organic farming for more than five years in Anseong, Gyeonggi province of Korea. According to the Braun-Blanquet method, 42 and 36 weed species were found in the organic paddy fields in 2015 and 2016, respectively, while 38 and 36 weed species were found in the conventional paddy fields in 2015 and 2016, respectively. As a result of two years' survey, 53 species from 24 families in the organic paddy fields were identified and classified as 32 annuals, 3 biennials and 18 perennials. In conventional paddy fields, 51 species from 24 families (30 annuals, 6 biennials, and 15 perennials) were identified. According to the classification by family, the most abundant weed species were Compositae (9 species), followed by Poaceae (8 species) and Polygonaceae (6 species) in organic paddy fields. In conventional paddy fields, Compositae (9 species) were the most abundant weed species, followed by Cruciferae (6 species), Poaceae, Polygonaceae, and Cyperaceae. This result indicates that the difference in diversity of weeds in paddy fields was influenced more by the agricultural environment than the type of cultivation. Our results could be used as a base data to control the occurrence of weed species in the paddy fields.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.24-34
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• 1976

우리나라의 문제 답 다년생 잡초인 너도방동산이, 가래, 올미, 올방개에 대하여 그 번식기관인 괴경 및 인경의 형태, 발아양상, 발생심도(담수 및 밭 상태), 번식과정, 형성량 등을 조사하였다. 1. 너도방동산이의 괴경은 근경에 의하여 수개씩 연결되어 있으며 괴경상에 횡경이 있고 이 횡경에 하나의 눈이 있다. 2~5개의 branch가 연결된 가래의 인경은 인편이 붙어있던 곳에 마디가 있고 이 마디에 하나씩의 눈이 있다. 올미 괴경에는 정아 외에 구부에 2개 내외의 측아가 있다. 올방개의 괴경에는 정단부에 4~6개의 눈이 모여 있고 이들은 포피에 쌓여있다. 2. 괴경 및 인경은 초단하였을 때 그 세편은 모두 발아 가능하며 완전한 형태일 때는 발아에 있어 정아우세성이 있다. 3. 휴면성은 올방개에서만 인정되었다. 4 너도방동산이는 밭상태에서는 지표하 10cm까지 발아생육이 가능하지만, 담수상태에서는 1cm구를 제외하고는 발아되지 않았다. 가래와 올미는 담수상태하에서 각각 지표하 30cm, 10cm까지 발아생육되나 밭상태에서는 발아되지 않으며, 올방개의 경우 담수, 밭상태 모두 지표하 30cm까지 발아생육되지한, 담수상태의 생육이 밭상태보다 양호하였다. 5. 번식과정은 네가지 초종 모두 공통적으로 발아한 후 3~5차까지 근경을 내어 신주를 형성하고 가을에 하방으로 신장한 근경의 선단이 비대하여져 괴경이나 인경을 형성한다. 6. 4월에 이식하여 타식물과의 경합이 없는 포장조건하에서 생육된 다년생잡초들의 수평분포범위는 너도방동산이 1.5m$\times$1.3m, 가래 2.6m$\times$2.2m, 올미 1.6m$\times$1.9m, 올방개 2.3m$\times$2.4m이었다. 7. 한개의 괴경 및 인경으로 부터 형성된 증가량은 너도방동산이 2,657개, 가래 2,495개, 올미 2,043개, 올방개 1,642개이였으며 네가지 초종 로두 일반적으로 괴경 및 인경의 형성심도가 깊어짐에 따라 그 평균중량이 증가되였다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2019

Application of bioretention systems in Korea is highly considered due to its minimal space requirements, appropriateness as small landscape areas and good pollutant removal and peak hydraulic flow reduction efficiency. In this study, the efficiency of two lab-scale bioretention types having different physical properties, media configuration and planted with different shrubs and perennials was investigated in reducing heavy metal pollutants in stormwater runoff. Type A bioretention systems were planted with shrubs whereas type B were planted with perennials. Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (A-CL) and Aquilegia flabellata var. pumila (A-AP) respectively were planted in each type A bioretention reactors while Rhododendron indicum linnaeus (B-RL) and Spiraea japonica (B-SJ), respectively were planted in each type B bioretention reactors. Results revealed that the four lab-scale bioretention reactors significantly reduced the influent total suspended load by about 89 to 94% (p<0.01). Type B-RL and B-SJ reactors reduced soluble Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb by 28 to 45% that were 15 to 35% greater than the soluble metal reduction of type A-CL and A-AP reactors, respectively. Among the pollutants, total Cr attained the greatest discharged fraction of 0.52-0.81. Excluding the effect of soil media, total Pb attained the greatest retention fraction in the bioretention systems amounting to 0.15-0.34. Considering the least discharge fraction of heavy metal in the bioretention system, it was observed that the bioretention systems achieved effectual reduction in terms of total Cu, Zn and Pb. These findings were associated with the poor adsorption capacity of the soil used in each bioretention system. The results of this study may be used for estimating the maintenance requirements of bioretention systems.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.7-21
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• 1990

Without scientific understanding of the phase change and the rejuvenation in woody perennials, many tree breeders have successfully rejuvenated and multiplied mature trees of some tree species, i.e., Eucalyptus, Pseudotsuga menziesii Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus radiata, Pinus pinaster, Quercus virginiana, Hedera helix, Juglans, apples, grapes, and so on. Practical techniques discussed to rejuvenate the old trees include grafting to younger stock, growth regulator treatment, pruning, repeated cutting, and in vitro culture. However, a combination of skills mentioned is recommended for rejuvenation of the mature propagation material. It is strongly required to develop a morphological and/or biochemical indicator system to judge the juvenility.