• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.501-514
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to identify the constructing factors of impression formation on man's body revealing casual clothes by university students, and to investigate the effect of revealing clothing styles and perceiver's gender on each factors of impression. The stimuli consisted of 12 color photogrphs including various styles of body revealing casual tops and bottoms; subject consisted of 310 male and female university student; subject observed 2 photographs each, ramdomly chosen from a pool of 12 and answered 37 semantic differention questions. Statistics applied for analysis were Factor Analysis, ANOVA and post hoc test. Results were; 1. Important factors constructing the impresstion of a male dressed in body revealing casual clothes were modesty, sexual stimulation and individuality 2. The styles of the body exposure and perceiver's gender had partial significant influence on impression formation.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.293-304
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to investigate the images in men's hairstyle by hair color, tone, texture, and perceiver's gender, and to examine the characteristics of hairstyle appropriate to seasons. A quasi-experimental method by questionnaire was used, and the experimental design was $4{\times}3{\times}2{\times}2$(hair color$\times$tone$\times$texture$\times$perceiver's$\times$gender) factorial design. The subjects were 372 men and women in their 20s through 50s. five factors of men's hairstyle image were derived by factor analysis: individuality, dignity, romanticism, refinement, and activity. Black hair was perceived to be high in dignity and activity. Bright tone was perceived to be high in individuality, but low in dignity. Men's wave hair was perceived to be higher in individuality than straight hair, but lower in dignity. Perceiver's gender did not give significant influence on evaluation of all image factors. In brown, neutral tone was perceived to be higher in dignity. romanticism, and activity than dark or bright tone. In black, wave hair was perceived to be more refined than straight hair. Black hair matches with winter the most, and yellow matches with spring the most. In terms of tone, dark tone matches with winter; neutral tone matches with autumn; bright tone matches with summer. The results of this study verified that hair color and texture affect men's image perception, and matching hair colors are associated with seasons.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.349-368
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of internal traits of perceivers on sensory images of fashion materials and dress wearers. Perceiver's internal traits included aspects of Gender-body Ideology (GBI), as well as fashion lifestyles and fashion interest. The research was conducted on a quasi experimental basis, with subjects numbering 187 male and 207 female college students. Data were collected in the period from March 19th to March 31st, 2007. Two sets of stimuli and three measuring tools (to assess GBI, fashion life styles and fashion interest) were used. The stimuli were thirteen fabric specimens and thirteen photographs of dress styles, manipulating by two variables: (a) motif colors (white, grey, pinks and blue); (b) motif categories (plain, paisley, floral, stripes, and zebra effect). The data were analysed by factor analysis, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test. The major findings were as follows: Gender-body ideology was separated into agonic and hedonic dimensions. Fashion life style was separated into 3 dimensions(shopping life-style pursuit, social activity pursuits and brand life style pursuits). The internal traits of perceivers influenced preferences and buying intentions. Shopping life-style pursuits had more impact on preferences and buying intentions than other internal traits.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.982-995
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of the visual image evaluation according to coloration of men's dress shirts and neckties, and perceiver's gender. Subjects were 336 males and females living in Seoul. Five dimensions of visual evaluation were derived by factor analysis: elegance/intelligence, sociability, potency/attractiveness, individuality, and manliness. White shirts were evaluated highly in elegance/intelligence, and blue shirts were shown the manliest. Women evaluated the blue shirts manlier than men did. Dark blue neckties were evaluated highly in elegance/intelligence and sociability, and red ties were perceived to be very distinctive. Black shirts and white shirts with silvery gray ties were perceived to be the most elegant and intelligent. Blue shirts with dark blue ties was evaluated highly in sociability and potency/attractiveness, and black shirts with yellow ties were evaluated the highest in individuality. The evaluations of elegance/intelligence, potency/attractiveness, and manliness had significant interaction effects between the color of shirts and neckties. White shirts and blue shirts with dark blue ties were perceived to be more elegant and intelligent, potent, attractive and manlier than with red ties.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1015-1026
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• 2006

The purpose of the study were to find out (1) the effect of motives on perceiver's image perception on ramie fabrics, and perceiver's trait, age and gender on sensory image evaluation of ramie fabrics. The research was a quasi experiment and experimental materials developed for the study were a set of material stimuli and semantic differential scales to measure sensory image of the stimuli, an aesthetic value scale. the independent design was motif design techniques(Plain Weave, burnt-out, embroidery, stripe, check). The subjects were 421 adults in Daejeon and Seachun. The results was as follows: The factor analysis of semantic differential scales for the ramie materials emerged 4 different image dimensions: attractiveness, hand, elegance, weight). The five design techniques showed significantly different image affects on some selective dimensions. The burn-out design gave the most attractive image, the embroidery design gave the softest image and plain weaved fabric presented the lightest hand image. Consumer's aesthetic values, gender and age tended to affect sensory image evaluation of ramie materials. On conclusion the result revealed that design strategy for the ramie material, design development though motives will be an essential process. and for material design pursued design image and target consumer's trait should be carefully considered.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.320-333
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find out differences of visual evaluation according to perceiver's gender, clothing silhouette, and body exposure of the lingerie look. Subjects were 246 college males and females in Seoul. The visual evaluation of the lingerie look was divided into four image dimensions: elegance, individuality, fascination, and activity. Silhouette had significant influences on the perception of elegance and activity. The hourglass silhouettes were evaluated more elegant and active than the tubular silhouettes. The body exposure had significant influences on the evaluation of elegance, individuality, fascination, and activity. The shoulder and the back exposure were estimated high in fascination, the breast exposure low in elegance, and the waist exposure high in individuality and activity. Individuality, fascination, and activity had interaction effects by perceiver's gender and body exposure. Males estimated the waist exposure to be more fascinating than females, and females estimated the breast exposure to be less active than males. There were significant interaction effects in evaluating the 4 image dimensions according to the silhouette and body exposure. The shoulder and the leg exposure of the hourglass silhouettes were estimated more elegant than those of the tubular silhouettes. Dimensions of clothing image which influenced on preference of lingerie look were different between males and females.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1297-1309
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of shirt color, tie color, tone, perceiver' gender on impression formation by applying tone-in-tone coloration of shirt and necktie: coloration of two colors. This experiment was designed to utilize the $2{\times}6{\times}4{\times}2$ factorial designs. and they are shirt color(red, blue), tie color(red, yellow red, yellow, green, blue, purple), tone(vivid, light, dull, dark), and perceiver' gender(a male, a female). The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimulus and response scales. The stimuli were 48 upper body photographs which were color outputs by CAD system(4D-box program). The subjects of this research were 288 male and 288 female college students. There were established impression dimension from factor analysis 27 bi-polar adjectives and investigated the effect of interaction between each variable affected impression formations. The items of the adjectives are classified into 4 Impression dimensions: activity, potency, attractiveness, and tenderness. Shirt color, tie color, tone, and perceiver' gender influenced on impression formation. Specially, tie color and tone influenced on the 4 impression dimension greatly by interaction as well as independently. As a result tie is very important clue of impression formation in tone-in-tone coloration of shirt and necktie. Even though tie occupies only a small area in men's clothes it has great effect since it is close to the face.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.4 s.152
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• pp.567-581
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to provide the basic data for the development of make-up color application system, based of Korean's skin tone and the preference in make-up color to enhance the effectiveness of the education of beauty in universities. The research was conducted by the previous studies, the analyses of sale's rate of hue-cosmetics, the analytic experiment of color of cosmetics by using Spectrum Color Analyzer and other experimental researches. This research, based on the results of three preliminary researches, shows the result of evaluation from perceivers which has been come out from the experiment of having one model in her twenties being changed with twenty-two different conditions of make-up. Here follows the result of the research. Firstly, there was difference on perceiving images in terms of the gender of perceivers and especially male-group tend to have clearly perceived the gap between elegance-greyish purple, orange-natural, red-classic on monochrome make-up and contrast make-up. Secondly, in terms of lip-colors, salmon pink and pink was regarded positively to both female and male subjects and to male subjects, greyish purple was thought to be better on darker skin-tone and to female subjects, better on lighter skin-tone. Thirdly, on image make-up, romantic gives intelligent image regardless of skin-tone and gender, especially gives more positive looks to male subjects. Natural and classic elements were perceived more positively on darker skin-tone and had bigger perceiving gap in female subjects. Fourthly, in preference rate, male subjects normally preferred the look with make-up than female subjects did and salmon pink and pink lip color was preferred on the darker skin-tone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.312-320
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were 1) to extend the gestalt theory in an attempt to explain the effect of garment clues(formality, color) perceiver's gender, and contexts on impression formation of a male high school teacher, and 2) to found out high school students' attitude toward their teacher's school outfits. The experimental design was a quasi-experimental with full factorial design of 4 independent variables : 3(formality levels)x2(garment colors)x2(perceiver's gender)x2(con- texts) The experimental materials developed for the study were a set of stimuli and response scale. The stimuli consisted of 12 color photographs produced by CAD system and response scale constituted of 28 bipolar adjectives representing personal traits. In addition to the qualitative research was also performed. The subjects composed of 277 male and 291 female high school students' in Taejeon city and research was a between subject design. The data was analysed by factor analysis, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test. The major findings drawn from this study were as follows: 1. The perceivers impression were consisted of 4 major dimensions; evaluation, sociability, attractiveness, potency. 2. All the independent variables showed some significant impression effects on selected dimensions. Garment color indicate the most significant effects among the 4 independent variables and garment formality showed least effects. 3. The subjects of the study preferred suits(highest formality level garment) to semi-formal or casual outfits for male teacher's school outfits. In conclusion, 4 independent variables affected differently 4 major impression dimensions and garment formality and contexts showed significant interaction effect, this results supported the gestalt theory of impression formation.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.55-66
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to examine how image evaluation and preference of women's clothing color vary according to perceiver's culture, gender, and clothing color; to investigate the differences of image evaluation according to body type and the clothing color; and to disclose what image affects to the clothing color preference of Korean and American. Subjects were 388 Korean and 363 American college men and women. The American evaluated the wearer more elegant, feminine, and neater than the Korean did. Clothing color gave significant influence on perception of all image variables. Koreans showed that red and blue color shirts were perceived to be individualistic. Koreans considered blue, indigo, purple, gray, and black were perceived to be less feminine. This means that they evaluated the colors of blue range and low chroma were masculine according to their traditional attitude. Women were more attracted by indigo and purple, while men tended to evaluate yellow as an appealing color. The evaluation of sociability varied depending on the perceiver's culture and clothing colors. The corpulent body type had negative evaluation rather than the ordinary one without the relation with the color of clothing for Koreans and Americans. The evaluation of sociability of Americans had an interaction effect by the body type and clothing color. Attractiveness gave the first significant influences on clothing color preference, and the next came individual(-) and splendid image for Korean men. The individual image gave Korean men to be negative effect. Attractiveness, elegance, and sociable image gave significant influences on clothing color preference in Korean women. For American men, elegance gave the first significant influences on clothing color preference, and the next came sociability and neatness, while elegance was the first and the next came sociability and attractiveness for American women.