• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of perceived risk and psychological distance on purchase intention when purchasing a gift. It focuses on social distances and temporal distances, and aims to identify the interactions between these psychological distances and perceived risk. Data were collected through experiments. Research design, data and methodology: The experiment was carried out through the design of 2 (perceived risk: high/low) × 2 (social distance: far / near) × 2 (temporal distance: far / near) between-subjects design. Participants were 241 undergraduates from two universities in Chungnam and Gangwon, and randomly assigned to one of eight groups. Results: It was confirmed that there is a difference in purchase intention according to the risk perceived by consumers when purchasing a gift. In particular, the difference in purchase intention based on the risk perceived by the buyer was found to be greater as the social distance between the gift giver and the recipient is shorter. In addition, it was confirmed that the intention to purchase a gift was simultaneously influenced by three factors: social distance, perceived risk, and time remaining to purchase a gift. In other words, when both temporal distance and social distance were short, the difference in purchase intention according to perceived risk was greatest. Conclusions: The purpose of this study was to examine how the relationship between perceived risk and purchase intention when purchasing a gift varies with psychological distance. This study found that the closer the relationship between the gift purchaser and the beneficiary and the shorter the time remaining before the gift purchase, the greater the difference in the willingness to purchase due to the perceptual risk. In practice, the results of this study can be used to establish sales promotion strategies for various gift products. Above all, the closer the relationship between the gift buyer and the person receiving the gift, the more differentially there should be a guarantee program that can reduce or eliminate the risk perceived by the buyer. There is also a need to use step-by-step product recommendation programs that can reduce perceptual risk depending on the time remaining until a particular season, such as graduation or Christmas.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.53-64
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• 2021

Purpose: Even though arranging images of products is a common practice in the online retail context, relatively little attention has been paid to the distance effect among alternatives, that is, how distance among displayed products can impact consumers' responses. Drawing on contagion theory, the primary goal of the current study is to investigate how spatial distance between two products in a product display can influence consumers' perceived similarity. Research design, data and methodology: This study used a 2(spatial distance: close vs. far) experimental design and collected data from undergraduate students in Korea through an online survey using Qualtrics. ANOVA was conducted to test the proposed effect, in which the dependent variables are the perceived similarity of usage occasion/purpose (Study 1) and the indexed differences of perceived brand statuses between two products (Study 2). Results: The results of both experiments indicated that the displayed products were perceived to be more similar to one another when products were presented close together (vs. far). Conclusions: The results help to fill a research gap and provide a better understanding of the role of physical distance in diverse marketing communications. This is especially useful when designing online shopping websites to form perceptions of brand images.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2021

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of affective commitment in employees of Korean companies' subsidiaries in Mexico. Specifically, we study the moderating effects of cultural orientation on the relationship between perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) and affective commitment among these Mexican employees. Research design and methodology - This study was designed to explore the impact of perceived CSR on affective commitment and the moderating roles of collectivism and power distance on the employer-employee relationship. We applied hierarchical regression to survey data collected from 296 employees working for Korean company subsidiaries in Mexico to examine the proposed hypotheses. Results - The results show a significant positive effect from perceived CSR on affective commitment. In addition, this study confirms a positive moderating effect from collectivism and a negative moderating impact from power distance on the relationship between perceived CSR and affective commitment. Conclusions - Drawing upon social identity theory, this study found that Mexican employees' perceptions of their company's CSR and their own cultural value orientations influence affective commitment to the organization. This study extends the understanding of perceived CSR and affective commitment, and particularly demonstrates that the relationship between perceived CSR and affective commitment is influenced by employee collectivistic and power distance orientation.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the variations in emotions during vacation and to explore if such variations depend on psychological distance perceived by vacationers. We proposed that there are changes in affect balance during the course of vacation as well as the mental construal of psychological distance. Research Design, Data, and Methodology - Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the variation in emotion and psychological distance of 66 holiday makers who were traveling to different destination for vacation. Data were collected in 2 months with the help of a travel agency. Results - We find that there are variations in emotions during the vacation at different points in time as well as perceived psychological distance. Also we find some evidence that suggests emotional happiness does depend on perceived mental distance to some extent. Conclusion - Our study replicates the findings of previous studies in a novel way and illustrates the robustness of the nature of emotions during vacation and indicates certain time points where the happiness of vacationers can be enhanced. Perceived psychological distance do have an effect on how happy an individual feels during the vacation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.94-104
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• 2004

This paper proposed a new method to evaluate service quality attribute of perceived service quality in public sectors, using triangle fuzzy numbers and hamming distance. Our method measured the ratio of the expected and perceived service for the customers' perceived service quality. By using fuzzy numbers, This method not only overcomes linguistic variable problems but also provides more objective and direct information for service quality attributes. The discrepancy rate between expected service and perceived service that is perceived service quality is evaluated by hamming distance. To evaluate the discrepancy rate from hamming distance, we induced general solutions to compute the intersection area between two triangle fuzzy numbers and the weak or strong attributes in public sectors are clarified.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.233-243
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• 2015

This study is for understanding differences of satisfaction followed by learning and teaching presence perceived by learners and participation motivation on learning in a distance education. General characteristics of learner are classified as an entrance type, sex, age, new/transfer of distance university learners. Perceived presence is classified with learning presence and teaching presence. Participation motivation on learning is classified with the directivity of activity, goal, and study based on the reason of participating in classes in a distance university. And this research tried out to find the effects of learner's characteristics, perceived presence, and participation motivation on learning satisfaction. The results are as follows. First, there was no meaningful difference of general characteristic on satisfaction. It means sex, age, and entrance type did not have an effect on satisfaction. Second, with the level of presence perceived by learner, satisfaction has meaningful differences. It means that students who had higher learning presence perceived of distance university showed higher satisfaction, and so as in teaching presence perceived on satisfaction. Third, factors effecting satisfaction based on participation motivation on learning differ with types of motivation. There was no meaningful difference of the level of activity directivity study participant on satisfaction, but was a meaningful difference of goal directivity and of study directivity in participation motivation on learning satisfaction. It was the learning presence that had a significant effect on learning satisfaction of adult learning.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.45-70
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• 2002

This paper examines the role of distance learning self-efficacy, belief in one's capabilities of using a system in the accomplishment of web-based distance learning, in predicting user intention to use and performance of distance learning system. It used self-efficacy theory and technology acceptance model(TAM) to build a model that predicts relationships between antecedents to students' distance learning self-efficacy assessments and their behavioral and attitudinal consequences. The model was tested using LISREL analysis on the sample of 250 students who have worked with the Distance Learning System. The results indicated partial support for the conceptual model. In accordance with TAM, perceived usefulness had strong direct effects on intention to use and performance, while perceived ease of use had both direct and indirect effects on intention to use, but not performance. Distance learning self-efficacy had only direct effect on perceived ease of use to use. Computer experience was found to have a strong positive effect on distance learning self-efficacy, and computer anxiety had a negative effect on distance learning self-efficacy. Implications of these findings are discussed for researchers and practitioners.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.63-87
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• 2009

The conclusions shown by this study are as follows: Firstly, Despite the similarity of the objective distance caused by the geographic distance and cultural similarities. it is found that the psychic distance factor still exists. Secondly, a new affective factor of psychic distance has been noted. As to the shaping method, even though culture and psychic distance involve homeogenic factors, psychic distance is more complex in that it is affected not only by cultural changes but also by other affective factors. Culture is a very significant factor, which can have an effect on forming psychic distance, but it is short of being a measurement variable for measuring psychic distance. Thirdly, psychic distance can have a direct effect on customers' buying response. If it is just a belief shared among the people of a nation, it can't become an important notion.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 2010

In this paper, attendance in distance learning courses of a cyber university has been surveyed in an effort to verify the effectiveness of distance learning. Based on survey data from 4,749 distance learning participants, major attending place, major reasons for attending online class, fidelity to online classes, attending time per week, perceived educational effectiveness, perceived and relative seriousness of problems, and other variables have been evaluated. The results indicate that perceptional seriousness of the investigated problems is not statistically important. The findings indicate that, among operational problems, self willingness and cheating are the most remarkable. In contrast, the relative seriousness of traditionally recognized problems such as H/W availability and network speed among environmental problems is least remarkable. An analysis of demographic differences such as sex, employment, and school year in terms of seriousness of problems is also performed. The results reveal the existence of statistically significant differences according to sex, employment, and school year with regard to almost all elements of environment, actual current conditions, and seriousness of problems, with the exception of some elements such as attending place and perceived fidelity.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.159-175
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to find out the psychological distance through semantic app-roach perceived by adolescent child in the subtypes of 'Extrem Family' dysfunctional families by classification of Olson and his associates ' Circrumplex Model. The subjects of this research were 1072 abolescents living in Seoul. Korea The survey methods were questionnaires including FACES II and The Psychological Distance Scale. Data were analyzed by means of the statistics of frequency percentage arithematic mean standard devia-tion crosstabs and one way-anova. The major findings are as follows: 1) The levels of family cohesion family adaptibility and the psychologival distances with father mother and siblings perceived by adolescent were high. 2) The most of subject's families belonged to 'Balanced Family' in the types of family system ' Extreme Family' type showed the lowest frequency and the main subtypes of it that had the highest frequency were 'Enmeshed Chaotic Family' ' Disengaged Rigid Family' 3) While adolescents of 'Enmeshed Chaotic Family' perceived most closely with other family members. those of 'Disengated Rigid Family' most distantly totally and in evaluation potency and activity three subfactors in psychological distance. 4) There were differences of unit points in subfactors of psychological distances with other family members perceived by adolescents according to the types of family system. While the points of 'Enmeshed Chaotic Family' were the highest those of 'Disengaged Rigid Family' were the lowest. 5) While 'Enmeshed Chaotic Family' were located most closely 'Disengaged Rigid Family' were located most distantly in the mutual distances and direct distances among family concepts on semantic space.