• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1336-1342
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• 2005

The present research work was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects as well as the safety aspects of lactobacilli as probiotic. Lactobacilli were isolated from poultry faecal samples, feed samples and from some known preparations procured from poultry feed manufacturers. L. acidophilus and L. sporogenes were tested for the antibacterial activity against four poultry pathogens viz. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Proteus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cell free supernatant (CFS) of L. acidophilus exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity against Salmonella spp. at original pH (4.50${\pm}$0.02). At the adjusted pH (6.50${\pm}$0.02) significantly higher antibacterial activity was recorded against indicator organism except for P. aeruginosa. Likewise, L. sporogenes exhibited similar antibacterial activity at original as well as adjusted pH except for E. coli. Antibacterial activity against E. coli was significantly higher at adjusted pH than at original pH of CFS. The competitive exclusion of E. coli by lactobacilli over the intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) was checked. L. acidophilus strain I, which was of poultry origin, exhibited maximum attachment over IEC as compared to other three strains of non-poultry origin viz. L. acidophilus strain II, L. sporogenes strain I and II. Overall, L. acidophilus exhibited higher competitive exclusion as compared to L. sporogenes. All the lactobacilli of poultry origin were most sensitive to penicillin G, amoxycillin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol, least sensitive to sulphamethizole, ciprofloxacin, neomycin, norfloxacin and pefloxacin and resistant to metronidazole and nalidixic acid. The isolates from probiotic preparations were most sensitive to ampicillin, amoxycillin and tetracycline, least sensitive to sulphamethizole, norfloxacin, neomycin and ceftriazone and resistant to nalidixic acid and metronidazole. Eight of the multiple drug resistant lactobacilli isolates were studied for the presence of plasmids. Plasmids could be extracted from six isolates of lactobacilli. These plasmids could be responsible for bacteriocin production or for antibiotic resistance of the strains. The lactobacilli need further studies regarding their safety for use in the probiotic preparations.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

There are several main antibacterial susceptibility tests, such as agar dilution method, broth dilution method and disk diffusion technique. Especially, for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, agar dilution method has been widely used. But that method is so complicated and bothering that it's difficult to treat a large amount of strains. On the other hand, modified broth dilution method(add 1% glucose and 0.018% phenol red as a pH indicator to broth) is fast and easy to perform. Most of all, it can visualize the result by color. The MICs of 22 antibiotics Including penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, ceftiofur, vancomycin and quinolones, erythromycin, colistin. sul-fadimethoxine, trimethoprim for arcanobacterium pyogenes 14 strains, actinobacillus pleuropneu-moniae 41 strains and pasteurella multocida 37 strains, which were collected from porcine during 1996 ∼ 1999, were determined by modified broth dilution method. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was highly susceptible to all kinds of quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and to all aminoglycosides, like gentamicin, apramycin, kanamycin and ampicillin, cephalothin and ceftiofur. But It was quite resistant to solfadimethoxin, colistin and vancomycin. Pasteurella multocida was found to have high susceptibility to ampicillin, cephalothin, chlorampenicol and gentamicin but had mid-degree susceptibility to other aminoglycosides. In addition, it was susceptible to norfloxacin and nalidixic acid, but not to newer fluoroquinolone like ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin and it was resistant to colistin and kanamycin. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was highly susceptible to most of quinolones such as cipoofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and gentamicin and penicillin G. But it also obtained high resistance against the early quinolone, nalidixic acid and aminoglycosides such as amikacin, apramycin and kanamycin and erythromycin, chlorampenicol, tetracyclin and vancomycin.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2006

Bee venom is synthesized in the venom gland's of worker and queen bees and stored in their venom sacs. Bee venom is a rich source of enzymes, peptides and biogenic amines. there are at least 18 active components in the venom which have some pharmaceutical properties. This study was performed to evaluate minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of bee venom against bacteria isolated from pjgs and chickens with disease. In case of reference strains, the MIC $({\mu}g/m{\ell})$ of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 6538 were 64, 64 and 32, respectively. In case of bacteria isolated from pig and chicken, the MIC of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus chromogenes were 8, 128 and 128, and that of 11 strains of Escherichia coli were 8 to >512 and that of 8 strains of Salmonella sup were >512. Antibacterial resistance test of 22 strains isolated from pig and chicken and 3 reference strains were performed by agar gel diffusion method, using 17 antibacterial drugs including penicillin, cefazolin, tetracycline and quinolone group. The multiple drug resistant patterns were found in most strains isolated from pig and chicken.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the characters of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food, animal feces, dry cattle food, and the environment in Seoul and Kyonggi province during the period from 1998 to 2003. Serotyping of 70 L. monocytogenes isolates was performed according to the manufacturer's instruction. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the microdilution method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. All the isolates were tested against 20 antimicrobial agents. The serotypes of the 70 L. monocytogenes isolates were 1/2c (62.8%), 1/2a (20%) and 1/2b (17.2%). Of the 70 L. monocytogenes isolates, 67.1%, 57.1%, 11.4%, 5.7%, 2.8%, 1.4% and 1.4% were resistant to tetracycline (Te), minocycline (Mi), norfloxacin (Nor), ciprofloxacin (Cip), neomycin (N), chloramphenicol (C) and cephalothin (Cf), respectively. However, all isolates were 100% sensitive to antibiotics such as amikacin, ampicillin, erythromycin, gentamycin, imipenem, kanamycin, ofloxcin, streptomycin, penicillin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tobramycin, and vancomycin. Multiple resistance patterns of the isolates were observed in TeMiNor Cip (1.4%), TeMiNor (7.1%), TeMiCip (2.9%), TeMiN (1.4%) and TeMi (44.3%). The results of this study indicate that many L. monocytogenes isolates are resistant to antimicrobial agents including Te and Mi. The possibility that the isolates could increasingly acquire multiple antimicrobial resistant properties cannot be precluded.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2006

Shiga toxin (stx) producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes various clinical signs in animal and human. In this study, 255 fecal samples from calves showing diarrhea were collected from cattle farms in Chonnam province during the period from January 2005 to July 2005. Twenty six STEC (10%) were isolated from 255 fecal samples by PCR. The isolates displayed three different stx combinations (stx1 [69%], stx1 and stx2 [15%], and stx2 [38%]). The isolates were further studied for virulence associated genes and antimicrobial resistance to define the virulence properties. Intimin (eaeA), enterohemolysin (hlyA), and lipopolysaccharide (rfbE) virulence genes were detected in 6 (23%), 7 (26%), and 1 (3.8%) of the isolates, respectively, by PCR. One isolate possessing rfbE gene was typed as E. coli 0157 : H7 by agglutination test with O and H antisera. All 26 isolates showed susceptibility to amikacin (100%) and the majority of isolates showed high susceptibility to gentamicin (88.5%) and chloramphenicol (73.1%). But all isolates were resistant to penicillin. These results may provide the basic knowledge to establish strategies for the treatment and prevention of enteric disease in calves.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2018

Objectives: Metabolic syndrome is correlated with increased cardiovascular risk and characterized by several factors, including visceral obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Several members of a large family of nonselective cation entry channels, e.g., transient receptor potential (TRP) melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channels have been associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Dangkwisoo-san, ginger and curcumin on TRPM7 channel. Methods: Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably transfected with the TRPM7 expression vectors were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin/streptomycin, $5{\mu}g/mL$ blasticidin, and 0.4 mg/mL zeocin in a humidified 20% $O_2$/10% $CO_2$ atmosphere at $37^{\circ}C$. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained using an Axopatch 700B amplifier and pClamp v.10.4 software, and signals were digitalized at 5 kHz using Digidata 1422A. Results: Dangkwisoo-san extract (100, 200, 300, 400, and $500{\mu}g/mL$) inhibited the outward and inward TRPM7 whole-cell currents at dose dependent manner and the half maximal inhibitory concentration $(IC)_{50}$ of Dangkwisoo-san was $218.3{\mu}g/mL$. Also, ginger extract (100, 200, 300, 400, and $500{\mu}g/mL$) inhibited the outward and inward of TRPM7 whole-cell currents in a dose dependent manner and the $IC_{50}$ of ginger was $877.2{\mu}g/mL$. However, curcumin had no effects on TRPM7 whole-cell currents. Conclusions: These results suggest that both Dangkwisoo-san and ginger have good roles to inhibit the TRPM7 channel, suggesting that Dangkwisoo-san and ginger are considered one of the candidate agents for the treatment of metabolic syndrome such as cardiovascular disease.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.191-204
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• 2019

The 20-kHz ultrasonic irradiation was applied to investigate bacterial inactivation and antibiotic susceptibility changes over time. Applied intensities of ultrasound power were varied at 27.7 W and 39.1 W by changing the amplitude 20 to 40 to three bacteria species (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus). By 15-min irradiation, E. coli, a gram-negative bacterium, showed 1.2- to 1.6-log removals, while the gram-positive bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus, showed below 0.5-log removal efficiencies. Antibiotic susceptibility of penicillin-family showed a dramatic increase at E. coli, but for other antibiotic families showed no significant changes in susceptibility. Gram-positive bacteria showed no significant differences in their antibiotic susceptibilities after ultrasound irradiation. Bacterial re-survival and antibiotic susceptibility changes were measured by incubating the ultrasound-irradiated samples. After 24-hour incubation, it was found that all of three bacteria were repropagated to the 2- to 3-log greater than the initial points, and antibiotic inhibition zones were reduced compared to ones of the initial points, meaning that antibiotic resistances were also recovered. Pearson correlations between bacterial inactivation and antibiotic susceptibility showed negative relation for gram-negative bacteria, E. coli., and no significant relations between bacterial re-survival and its inhibition zone. As a preliminary study, further researches are necessary to find practical and effective conditions to achieve bacteria inactivation.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2018

Objectives: Metabolic syndrome is defined by a cluster of major cardiovascular risk factors: obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension. Several members of a large family of nonselective cation entry channels, e.g., transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels have been associated with the development of dyslipidemia and hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Leejung-tang (Lizhong-tang), Rikkunshito, and Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) on TRPV4 channel. Methods: Human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably transfected with the TRPV4 expression vectors were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, $5{\mu}g/mL$ blasticidin, and 0.4 mg/mL zeocin in a humidified 20% $O_2/10%$ $CO_2$ atmosphere at $37^{\circ}C$. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained using an Axopatch 700B amplifier and pClamp v.10.4 software (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA), and signals were digitalized at 5 kHz using Digidata 1422A. Results: Leejung-tang and Rikkunshito (10, 30 and 50 mg/mL) had no effects on the TRPV4 whole-cell currents at dose dependent manner. However, Bojungikgi-tang (10, 30, and 50 mg/mL) inhibited the TRPV4 whole-cell currents in a dose dependent manner and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Bojungikgi-tang was 18.2 mg/mL. Conclusions: These results suggest that Bojungikgi-tang plays an important roles to inhibit the TRPV4 channel, suggesting that Bojungikgi-tang is considered one of the candidate agents for the treatment of metabolic syndrome such as dyslipidemia and hypertension.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2012

목 적 : 소아 종양 환자의 균혈증의 원인균과 위험 인자에 대한 지속적인 감시 및 조사를 통해 적절한 치료와 생존율 향상에 기여하고자, 2006년부터 2010년의 최근 5년간 서울대학교 어린이 병원 소아 종양 환자에게 발생했던 균혈증의 원인균 분포와 이들의 항생제 감수성을 분석하여 항생제 선택에 실제적인 도움을 얻고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2006년 1월부터 2010년 12월까지 5년간 서울대학교 어린이병원에서 입원 치료를 받은 소아 종양환자들에게 발생한 균혈증에 대하여, 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 의무기록 분석 시, 선행 질환 및 호중구 수치, 치료 경과 등을 조사하였고, 호중구 감소증, 중심 정맥관 등 균혈증의 예후 인자에 대한 분석을 함께 시행하였다. 결 과 : 총 176명의 소아 종양 환자에게 226례의 균혈증이 발생하였고, 246균주가 분리되었다. 이 중 그람 음성균, 그람 양성균, 진균이 각각 63.4%, 34.6%, 2.0%이었다. 그람 음성균 중에는 Klebsiella species, E. coli, 그람 양성균 중에는 coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus 등이 높은 비율로 분리되었다. 그람 양성균의 penicillin, oxacillin, vanconycmin 내성률은 각각 85.7%, 65.9%, 9.5%이었으며, 그람 음성균의 cefotaxime, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, gentamicin, amikacin 내성률은 각각 37.2%, 17.1%, 6.2%, 32.2%, 13.7%이었다. 전체 환자에서 치사율은 12.7%였다. 그람 음성균 균혈증의 쇼크 발생률이 그람 양성균 균혈증보다 유의하게 높았고(48.4% vs. 11.9%, P<0.01), 치사율 역시 그람 음성균이 더 높았다(12.1% vs. 3.0%, P=0.03). 쇼크 발생률은 호중구 감소증을 동반한 환자군에서 호중구 감소증을 동반하지 않은 환자군에서보다 유의하게 높았다(39.6% vs. 22.0%, P=0.04). 결 론 : 그람 음성균이 소아 종양 환자의 균혈증의 흔한 원인균이며, 불량한 예후와도 관련성이 높은 점들은 기존 연구결과들과 일치하였다. 향후 원인 균주의 분포와 항생제 내성률의 변화에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제66권5호
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• pp.358-364
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• 2009

연구배경: 폐렴의 치료는 해당 지역사회의 역학 자료, 항생제에 대한 감수성, 임상양상 등에 따라 적절한 항생제를 선택하는 것이 중요하다. 한반도 남단의 섬지역인 제주지역에서 이와 같은 연구가 시행된 바가 없다. 제주 지역에서 발생한 지역사회 획득 폐렴의 임상양상과 원인균을 전향적으로 조사하여, 향후 적절한 항생제를 선택할 수 있는 자료로 활용하고자 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법: 임상양상으로 지역사회획득폐렴을 진단 받은 환자를 대상으로 전향적으로 원인균 동정을 위해 객담 도말 및 배양검사, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella 등 항원검사, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia 등에 대한 항체검사를 시행하였다. 진단 당시의 임상 양상, 검사실 자료, 초기 경험적 항생제 치료의 실패 여부 등을 분석하였다. 결 과: 203명(평균 64세)의 지역사회 획득 폐렴 환자로부터 10균주의 원인균(90명, 동정률 44.3%)이 동정되었다. 30명(33.3%)에서 두 개 이상의 세균이 동정된 다세균 감염이었다. S. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa 등의 순으로 동정되었다. 초기 치료 실패로 항균제를 변경한 예가 약 1/4이었으며, 다세균 감염, 흉수, 높은 염증반응수치 등이 초기 치료실패의 위험요인이었다. 환자들로부터 분리된 30균주의 S. pneumoniae에서 penicillin (53.3%), macrolides (66.3%) 등에 대해 항생제 비감수성을 보였으며, levofloxacin과 ceftriaxone에 대해서는 항생제 감수성을 보였다. 결 론: 제주지역 지역사회획득 폐렴의 원인균은 S. pneumoniae이 가장 흔하고, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, S. aureus, 그람음성간균 등의 순이다. 초기 항생제 치료시 항생제 내성을 고려하여 약제를 선택해야 하며, 초기 치료 실패가 높은 임상양상에 주의를 요한다. 제주지역 지역사회획득 폐렴의 치료로 2-3세대 세팔로스포린 또는 호흡기계 퀴놀론 등을 초기 경험적 항생제로 추천한다.