• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.4 s.54
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• pp.305-310
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• 2005

To obtain effective and safe depigmenting agents, we investigated the effects of Scirpi rhizoma, a medicine among Chinese herbs, on melanogenesis. Dried S. rhizoma was refluxed with 70% aqueous ethanol and the extract was evaporated to dryness. To determine the effects as a whitening agent, various in vitro tests were performed such as free radical scavenging activity, melanin formation assay, tyrosinase activity and expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2(western blot and RT-PCR) in B16 melanoma cells. S. rhizoma showed scavenging activities of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the $IC_{50}\;of\;638{\mu}g/mL$ against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and $21.7{\mu}g/mL$ against superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. S. rhizoma significantly inhibited melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. S. rhizoma treatment(48 h) suppressed the biosynthesis of melanin up to 27% at 100{\mu}g/mL$ and reduced tyrosinase activity up to 31% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ in B16 melanoma cells. S. rhizoma was also able to significantly inhibit tyrosinase and TRP-1 expression in protein and mRNA level. These results suggest that S. rhizoma inhibited melanin biosynthesis by regulating tyrosinase activity and expression in B16 melanoma cells. Therefore, S. rhizoma may be useful as a new antioxidant and whitening agent to inhibit melanogenesis.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.4 s.54
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• pp.329-335
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• 2005

In order to investigate the effects of Saussurea involucrata on (relationship between) aging (and Saussurea involucrata), we examined the activities of antioxidation, in vitro MMP inhibition and UVA-induced MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblasts. S. involucrata showed scavenging activities radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the $IC_{50}$ values of $3.89{\mu}g/mL$ against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and $67.29{\mu}g/mL$ against superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. At the concentration of $1000{\mu}g/mL$, S. involucrata showed 93.27% inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid. S. involucrata inhibited the activities of MMP-1 in a does-dependent manner and the $IC_{50}$ value calculated from semi-log plots was $97.18{\mu}g/mL$. Also, UVA induced MMP expression in human dermal fibroblasts was reduced 42.86% by treatment with S. involucrata, and MMP-1 mRNA expression was reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore S. involucrata was able to significantly inhibit MMP expression in protein and mRNA level. All these results suggested that S. involucrata might act as an anti-aging agent by antioxidation and reducing UVA-induced MMP-1 production.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2010

The water fern Azolla belongs to the Azollaceae and forms a symbiotic association with a $N_2$-fixing cyanobacterium, referred to as Anabaena azollae, and this association has currently been demonstrated to have potential as a nitrogen source for rice production. Because of that, Azolla fern has been used not only as organic manure in southern China and northern Vietnam for a long time but also as food for animate creatures in the underwater and decontaminant in the water. However, the phenolic compounds and active materials of Azolla have not been examined in detail in the past studies. In the present study, anti-oxidant ability test and experiment to find a particular active material of Azolla imbricata and Azolla imbricata fraction (AIF) were performed. In anti-oxidant test such as DPPH test and lipoxygenase inhibition test, the value of test represented high activities compared with authentic sample - green tea and NDGA (nordihydroguaiaretic acid). In MMP-1 test, related to collagen protection and elasticity of skin, its inhibitory effect was measured over 75 %, and the phenolic compounds of AIF related with this activity were confirmed luteolin derivatives by using FT-IR spectroscopy, element analyzer (EA) and Liquid chromatography-MASS spectroscopy.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2019

Chinese xian-xia films is a new genre that occurred through the fusion of the genre of martial arts and fantasy. This study analyzed the development of xian-xia films and the space aesthetics of xian-xia films through the miseenscene of the journey to the west films. In particular, the space for xian-xia in the films is divided into the human, urinary, heaven world and the space of conflict. It looks like the fantastic Middle Earth that Tolkien presented, however it is discriminatory in that it shows a highly Chinese appearance and overlapping world centered on the natural environment (the world of Mountains and Livers), such as mountains, deserts, caves, and grasslands, which usually appears in traditional martial arts history. Resently, the boom of journey to the west films is regarded as the change of the Chinese film industry under the influence of the development of IP (Intellectual Property) industry and the western fantasy genre in the 21st century China. This change marks the birth of the new Chinese fantasy "xian-xia" genre with the spirit of the present era that transcends the original world of journey to the west through the hybridization of the genre.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.613-636
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• 2009

This paper examines the performance of assessing sponsors and non-sponsors recall and recognition at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games perceived by Korean and Chinese university students. Using a sample of 1,573 respondents, a survey was administered in Seoul and Beijing before and after Games to compare the recall and recognition that changed between two periods. The findings reveal that the effectiveness of the 2008 Beijing Olympic sponsorship has was lower than we expected. Results were founded that while Samsung(mobile), Coca-cola, McDonald's, and Visa achieved the desired sponsorship marketing effectiveness in Korea. On the other hand, non-sponsors of Nike, Dell, AIG, Samsung(computer) and Hyundai led to obtain the benefit and resulted in increasing consumer confusion as to who is a sponsor. In China, Samsung, Coca-cola, Lenovo, Volkswagen, Visa, and PICC achieved the desired sponsorship marketing effectiveness. On the other hand, Lining, Nokia, KFC, China Merchants Bank had some impact on the effectiveness of a rival brand from an official sponsor's product category. The paper concludes by considering some issues for sponsorship marketers.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.20-37
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• 2017

It is called the "Painted lead glaze pottery" that is painted green, brown, yellow over white or light yellow glazed base among glazed pottery in the Northern Qi Dynasty. Even though the white glazed pot painted green with three ears and the yellow glazed jar painted green with long neck is found in the Fan-cui Tomb in Honghetun Village, Anyang City, Henan Province in 1971, these potteries were not focused in academic circles. While the white glazed pottery found with them was thought as the earliest evidence of the white porcelain that the date is clear, it has constantly been discussed so far. In this paper, focused on the painted lead glaze pottery, the materials from tombs and kiln sites are organized, and based on them, the decoration feature and production technique is analyzed. The emergence time of this pottery is checked by the date of tombs and the social value of this pottery is considered by the position of the buried person. The painted lead glaze pottery of the Northern Qi Dynasty has independent character such as porcelain clay, twice firing burning and painting technique over glazed base. This character emerged from several glazed potteries in the Northern Wei Dynasty and it continued to the Northern Qi Dynasty. At last, the white painted lead glazed pottery appeared. The painted lead glaze pottery was formed by the combination of a shape of the ceramic in Southern China and painting technique after the Northern Wei Dynasty in Northern China.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.173-194
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• 2022

We complete the survey for finite-source/point-lens (FSPL) giant-source events in 2016-2019 KMTNet microlensing data. The 30 FSPL events show a clear gap in Einstein radius, 9 𝜇as < 𝜃_E < 26 𝜇as, which is consistent with the gap in Einstein timescales near t_E ~ 0.5 days found by Mróz et al. (2017) in an independent sample of point-source/point-lens (PSPL) events. We demonstrate that the two surveys are consistent. We estimate that the 4 events below this gap are due to a power-law distribution of free-floating planet candidates (FFPs) dN_FFP/d log M = (0.4 ± 0.2) (M/38 M_⊕)^-p/star, with 0.9 ≲ p ≲ 1.2. There are substantially more FFPs than known bound planets, implying that the bound planet power-law index 𝛾 = 0.6 is likely shaped by the ejection process at least as much as by formation. The mass density per decade of FFPs in the Solar neighborhood is of the same order as that of 'Oumuamua-like objects. In particular, if we assume that 'Oumuamua is part of the same process that ejected the FFPs to very wide or unbound orbits, the power-law index is p = 0.89 ± 0.06. If the Solar System's endowment of Neptune-mass objects in Neptune-like orbits is typical, which is consistent with the results of Poleski et al. (2021), then these could account for a substantial fraction of the FFPs in the Neptune-mass range.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-49
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• 2023

TikTok, as a leading short video platform, has attracted many users, and the resulting attention generates immense business value as a platform to diffuse knowledge. As a qualitative and explorative approach, this study reviews the knowledge payment industry and discusses the influential factors of users' payment decisions regarding knowledge products on TikTok. By conducting in-depth interviews with ten participants and observing 95 knowledge providers' videos, we find that TikTok has significant business potential in the knowledge payment industry. By using the ATLAS. ti software to code the data collected from these interviews, this study finds that demander characteristics (personal needs), product characteristics (product quality), provider characteristics (the key opinion leader effect), and platform characteristics (platform management) are the four core categories that influence users' payment decisions regarding knowledge products on TikTok. A theoretical model consisting of the ten variables of emotional needs, professional needs, quality, price, helpfulness, value, charisma, user trust, service guarantee, and scarcity is proposed based on the grounded theory. The theoretical and practical implications of the study findings are also discussed.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-56
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• 2014

Hong Kong, a well-known metropolis characterized by skyscrapers on both sides of the Victoria Harbour, consists mainly of 3 parts, namely the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon peninsula and the New Territories (N.T.) which is the land area north of Kowloon plus a number of outlying islands. Located in the N.T. are all the new towns, market towns; and in the plains and valleys lie scattered village houses of not more than 3 storeys within the confines of well-defined village. These village houses are governed by a rural housing policy that could be traced back to the very beginning of the former British administration in the N.T. By the Convention of Peking of 1898, the N.T., comprising the massive land area north of Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and 235 islands, was leased to Britain by China for 99 years from 1st July 1898. Soon after occupation, the colonial government conducted a survey of this uncharted territory from 1899 to 1903, and set up a land court to facilitate all land registration work and to resolve disputed claims. By 1905, the Block Crown Leases with Schedule of Lessees and details of the lots, each with a copy of the lot index plan (Demarcation Plan) were executed. Based on the above, Crown rent rolls were prepared for record and rent collection purposes. All grants of land thereafter are known as New Grant lots. After completion and execution of the Block Crown Lease in 1905, N.T. villagers had to purchase village house lots by means of Restricted Village Auctions; and Building Licences were issued to convert private agricultural land for building purposes but gradually replaced by Land Exchanges (i.e. to surrender agricultural land for the re-grant of building land) from the early 1960's until introduction of the current Small House Policy in October 1972. It was not until the current New Territories Small House Policy came into effect in December 1972 that the Land Authority can make direct grant of government land or approve the conversion of self-owned agricultural land to allow indigenous villagers to build houses within the village environs under concessionary terms. Such houses are currently restricted to 700 square feet in area and three storeys with a maximum height of 27 feet. An indigenous villager is a male descendent of a villager who was the resident of a recognized village already existing in 1898. Each villager is only allowed one concessionary grant in his lifetime. Upon return of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on July 1st, 1997, the traditional rights of indigenous villagers are protected under Article 40 of the Basic Law (a mini-constitution of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). Also all N.T. leases have been extended for 50 years up to 2047. Owing to the escalating demand and spiral landed property prices in recent years, abuse of the N.T. Small House Policy has been reported in some areas and is a concern in some quarters. The Hong Kong Institute of Land Administration attempts to study the history that leads to the current rural housing policy in the New Territories with particular emphasis on the small house policy, hoping that some light can be shed on the "way forward" for such a controversial policy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6273-6276
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• 2012

Background/Aim: Six prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility loci were identified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in populations of European decent. However, the associations of these 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with PCa has remained tobe clarified in men in Northern China. This study aimed to explore the loci associated with PCa risk in a Northern Chinese population. Methods: Blood samples and clinical information of 289 PCa patients and 288 controls from Beijing and Tianjin were collected. All risk SNPs were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-high resolution melting curve technology and gene sequencing. Associations between PCa and clinical covariates (age at diagnosis, prostate-specific antigen [PSA], Gleason score, tumor stage, and level of aggressiveness) and frequencies of alleles and genotypes of these SNPs were analyzed using genetic statistics. Results: Among the candidate SNPs, 11p15 (rs7127900, A) was associated with PCa risk (P = 0.02, odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09-2.46). Genotypes showed differences between cases and controls on 11p15 (rs7127900, A), 11q13 (rs7931342, T), and HNF1B (rs4430796, A) (P = 0.03, P = 0.01, and P = 0.04, respectively). The genotype TG on 11q13 (rs7931342, T) was positively associated with an increased Gleason score (P = 0.04, OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.02-4.55). Patients carrying TG on 17q24 (rs1859962, G) were negatively associated with an increased body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.03, OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.21-0.92) while those with AG on HNF1B (rs4430796, A) were more likely to have PSA increase (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Our study suggests that 11p15 (rs7127900, A) could be a susceptibility locus associated with PCa in Northern Chinese. Genotype TG on 11q13 (rs7931342, T) could be related to an increased Gleason score, AG on HNF1B (rs4430796, A) could be associated with PSA increase, and TG on 17q24 (rs1859962, G) could be negatively associated with an increased BMI in Chinese men with PCa.