• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.100-118
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze some of the TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) clinical research literatures about pediatric night crying in order to learn clinical application of Korean medicine treatment for pediatric night crying. Methods We searched clinical trial literatures about TCM treatment of pediatric night crying from the CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) (January 2000 to June 2018). We analyzed the literature in regards to the treatment methods and the results. Results Among the 459 searched studies, 13 randomized controlled trials and 41 case studies were selected and analyzed. In most of the studies, the effectiveness of TCM in treating patients was significantly high, so we confirmed the effectiveness of TCM on pediatric night crying. The most commonly used pattern differentiations (辨證) were Spirit damage due to fright and fear (驚恐傷神), Spleen deficiency and cold (脾虛寒) and Heart fire heat (心火熱). Methods of treatment include herbal medicines (internal medicine and external application), massage therapy (Tuina methods), acupuncture and other treatments (bloodletting). The most commonly used herb medicines were Cicadidae Periostracum (蟬?), Poria Cocos (茯?), Glycyrrhizae Radix (甘草), Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus (釣鉤藤), Junci Medulla (燈心草), Fossilia Ossis Mastodi (龍骨), Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba (白朮), Cinnabaris (朱砂), and Coptidis Rhizoma (黃連). The most commonly used massage methods were Clearing Liver Channel (淸肝經), Clearing Heart Channel (淸心經), Kneading $Xi{\check{a}}oti{\bar{a}}nx{\bar{i}}n$ (?小天心), Supplementing Spleen Channel (補脾經), Clearing $Ti{\bar{a}}nh{\acute{e}}shu{\check{i}}$ (淸天河水), and Rubbing Abdomen (摩腹). Conclusions Based on the results of clinical studies from China, the use of Korean medicine for the treatment of pediatric night crying has been shown to be effective in relieving symptoms. Based on the results of this study, it is possible to widen the scope of Korean medicine by additionally reviewing clinical and experimental studies on pediatric night crying.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.229-233
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• 2011

In the pediatric literature, excessive crying has been reported solely in association with 3-month colic and is described, if at all, as unexplained crying and fussing during the first 3 months of life. The bouts of crying are generally thought to be triggered by abdominal colic (over-inflation of the still immature gastrointestinal tract), and treatment is prescribed accordingly. According to this line of reasoning, excessive crying is harmless and resolves by the end of the third month without long-term consequences. However, there is evidence that it may cause tremendous distress in the mother-infant relationship, and can lead to disorders of behavioral and emotional regulation at the toddler stage (such as sleep and feeding disorders, chronic fussiness, excessive clinginess, and temper tantrums). Early treatment of excessive crying focuses on parent-infant communication, and parent-infant interaction in the context of soothing and settling the infant to sleep is a promising approach that may prevent later behavioral and emotional disorders in infancy.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of a lactose- reduced synbiotic partial whey hydrolysate in formula fed infants presenting with colic and the impact of this dietary intervention in mean crying time and quality of life. Methods: Forty infants with infantile colic were treated during one month with parental reassurance and the intervention formula (partial whey hydrolysate, reduced lactose, Bifidobacterium lactis BB12 and galacto-oligosaccharides) and were compared to a control group of 20 infants with infantile colic treated with parental reassurance and a standard infant formula. Parents completed a quality of life (QoL) questionnaire assessing the burden of infantile colic. Wilcoxon test, t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare QoL scores before and after intervention as well as between the intervention and control group. Results: At inclusion, duration of crying did not differ between both groups. Crying duration decreased with 2.7 hours (from 3.2 to 0.5 hours) in the intervention group while duration of crying decreased only with 1.2 hours in the control group (p<0.001). Stool composition became looser in the intervention group, but defecation frequency did not change. The median scores of the QoL questionnaire improved significantly in the intervention group for all parameters. In the control group, parameters improved significantly also but not for the parent-child and social interaction. The score changes were significantly greater in the intervention than in the control group. Conclusion: The intervention formula (partial whey hydrolysate, synbiotic, reduced lactose) significantly reduced the duration of crying and improved QoL of the parents and infants.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 2012

Dental professionals are exposed to various occupational risks, among which the problem of hearing damage has been newly revealed. There have been some researches reporting that noise occurring in a dental office exceeds the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) Standards. Especially, the pediatric dentists are repeatedly exposed to an additional noise source called the crying sound of children in addition to all kinds of noises from dental instruments. Accordingly, this study intended to investigate the noise environment likely to affect pediatric dentists and to examine the possibility of resultant hearing damages. The level of noise was measured respectively, when various dental instruments (ultrasonic scaler, high-speed handpiece, low-speed handpiece) are operated, when children are crying, and when both occasions take place simultaneously (from the distance of 30 cm) with a portable noise meter. And the daily duration of pediatric dentists exposed to the noise environment was surveyed. The results were compared with the standard value of noise threshold of NIOSH, OSHA, and that of hearing damage of CRA News letter respectively. Considering the intensity and exposure time, the noise environment of pediatric dentists exceeds the allowable noise threshold values. Even only one exposure to crying child was likely to lead to permanent hearing damage. Comparatively, pediatric dentists have a higher risk for occupational hearing damages, and some active measures are thought highly desirable to minimize it.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.249-265
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• 2023

Purpose: Infant regurgitation is associated with other functional gastrointestinal disorders and signs and symptoms that have a major impact on the quality of life of infants and their families. This study evaluated the safety, tolerance, and real-world effectiveness of an anti-regurgitation formula containing locust bean gum (LBG), prebiotics, and postbiotics to alleviate digestive symptoms beyond regurgitation. Methods: This 3-month study involved infants with regurgitation requiring the prescription of an anti-regurgitation formula according to usual clinical practice. Outcomes included evaluation of the evolution of stool consistency and frequency; occurrence of colic, constipation, and diarrhea; and assessment of regurgitation severity. Infant crying, parental assessment of infant well-being, and parental satisfaction with the stool consistency were also evaluated. Results: In total, 190 infants (average age: 1.9±1.1 months) were included. After three months, stool frequency and consistency remained within the normal physiological range, with 82.7% of infants passing one or two stools per day and 90.4% passing loose or formed stools. There was no significant increase in the number of infants with diarrhea, whereas a decrease was observed in the number of infants with constipation after 1 month (p=0.001) and with colic after both 1 and 3 months (p<0.001). Regurgitation severity and crying decreased and parental satisfaction with stool consistency, formula acceptability, infant well-being, and sleep quality increased. Monitoring of adverse events did not reveal any safety concerns. Conclusion: Formulas containing LBG, prebiotics, and postbiotics were well tolerated and provided an effective strategy for managing infant regurgitation and gastrointestinal discomfort.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.146-148
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• 2007

Studies of cry characteristics in the newborn infant were aimed to determine if cry analysis could be succesful in the early detection of the infant at risk for developmental difficulties. Crying presupposes functioning of the respiratory, laryngeal and supralaryngeal muscles. The nervous system controls the capacity, stability, and co-ordination of the movements in these muscles. Hence, the cry provides information about how the Nervous System is functioning. 3 patients(down syndrome, cornelia de lange syndrome, Patent ductus arteriosus) were assessed through a Computerized Speech Lab (CSL). Tests had been chosen to assess Fundamental frequency(mean, maximum, minimum values), Melody contour, NHR, Energy. We compared the data from patients and healthy volunteer. Variations in cry characteristics were documented in a number of medical abnormalities.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.59-86
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• 2023

Purpose: Information regarding functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in infants is currently lacking in Indonesia. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and risk factors of FGIDs in infants aged 6 weeks to 4 months in Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study of 433 infants was conducted between September 2018 and February 2020. Information on FGIDs was collected using the Infant Gastrointestinal Symptom Questionnaire and the Feeding Practice and Gut Comfort Questionnaire. Adapted Rome IV criteria were used to define the FGIDs. Results: The prevalence of regurgitation was 26.3%; 16.8% of the infants presented cryingrelated symptoms and 5.5% exhibited constipation. The statistical analyses revealed that constipation was associated with sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-7.71; p=0.043), employment of the father (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.12-0.77; p=0.01), and education of the mother (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.07-3.51; p=0.031). Length at birth (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55-0.99; p=0.042) was associated with constipation. Length at visit (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76-0.91; p<0.001) was associated with regurgitation, and the weight at visit (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35-0.96; p=0.038) was associated with crying and/or colic. A history of parental FGIDs was associated with crying-related symptoms (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.23-3.68; p=0.007). Conclusion: Regurgitation, crying, and constipation are common FGIDs in infants. Some parental and infant characteristics may be predictors for FGIDs. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the clinical relevance of our findings. Understanding the determinants of FGIDs will benefit healthcare professionals and parents to improve infant's quality of life and better manage these condition.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.280-292
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to assess the sedative effect of three kinds of medication for management of the uncooperative 60 children aged from 16 months to 87 months required extensive treatment. The patients were given randomly a dose of 75mg/kg of chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine 25mg orally or 0.5mg/kg of midazolam orally or 0.3mg/kg of midazolam intranasally. All the children were restrained in a Pediwrap and were monitored with Pulse oximeter for assessing the safety of patients. According to rating scale, sleep, crying, movement, and overall behavior were checked for evaluation of the clinical sedative effect. The results were as follows: 1. In the evaluation of sleep, rating scale of chloral hydrate/hydroxyzine was superior to the other group(p<0.05). 2. In the evaluation of crying and movement at beginning of treatment, rating scale of chloral hydrate/hydroxyzine was superior to the other group(p<0.05), but during the treatment, rating scale of each group was not significantly different (p>0.05). 3. In the evaluation of overall behavior, 80% children of chloral hydrate/hydroxyzine were rated good or very good. With the oral and intranasal midazolam, 60% children were rated good or very good respectively. 4. There were no clinical signs of significant cyanosis and respiratory depression. Clinically, chloral hydrate/hydroxyzine was proved to be more effective sedation than any other sedative method. Oral and intranasal midazolam were also safe and effective sedation in young children undergoing pediatric dental procedures.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.8
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• pp.790-794
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of treating the pain among newborn infants associated with a medical procedure with sucrose with regard to overall physiological and behavioral stability. Methods: 103 newborn infants were enrolled in this study. The control group (n=63) did not receive any treatment. The experimental group (n=40) received 2 mL of 24% sucrose solution two minutes before a routine heel stick. The pain was assessed by measurements of physiological changes [e.g. pulse rate, oxygen saturation, salivary cortisol (hydrocortisone)] and behavioral changes [e.g. crying time, and the neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS) for neonates]. Results: There were no differences among the groups with respect to physiological changes associated with the pain from the procedure. However, there were significant group differences in behavioral changes to the pain. In the control group, the median crying time was 13 seconds, while in the experimental group, the median crying time was 3.5 seconds ($P$=.000). In the control group the median NIPS score was 4, while in the experimental group the median NIPS score was 2 ($P$=.000). Conclusions: These findings suggest that sucrose can be an effective method for the management of stress responses in infants with regard to behavior. However, this treatment had no significant physiological effects.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.937-945
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• 1996

Nitrous oxide has acquired widespread use as a tool for management of anxious and comprehensive pediatric dental patients. Clinical impressions have suggested that inhalation sedation with $N_2O/O_2$ reinforces the effect of other sedatives. Fifteen uncooperative children, mean age of 37months, who were regarded as fail in the first treatment using chloral hydrate-hydroxyzine orally, midazolam orally or intranasally, were sedated with the same sedatives in conjunction with $N_2O/O_2$. All the children were restrained in a pediwrap and were monitored with pulse oximeter for their heart rate and oxygen saturation. Degree of sleep, crying and movement were evaluated. The clinical results indicated that a satisfactory level of sedation was achieved in approximately two thirds of the cases (about 66 %) under those sedation manner. Complications were rare and those of treatments were successfully completed without difficulty.