• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2004

본 논문은 OFDM 시스템에서 PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) 문제를 효과적으로 저감시키기 위하여 기존 SLM(selective mapping) 기법과는 달리 심벌 그룹핑 후 그룹별로 같은 스크램블 코드를 이용하는 새로운 방법을 제안하고 성능을 분석하였다. 기존의 SLM 기법은 IFFT단에 들어가는 OFDM 심벌을 여러 개의 스크램블 코드에 의해 랜덤화 시켜 PAPR 중 작은 값을 선택하여 전송한다. 그러므로 SLM 기법은 스크램블 코드만큼 부가 정보를 전송함으로써 대역손실이 발생한다. 그러나 제안한 심벌 그룹핑 SLM 기법은 부반송파들을 M개로 그룹화 하여 동일한 스크램블 코드를 사용함으로써 그룹화한 OFDM심벌의 개수만큼 부가정보 데이터를 줄일 수 있고, SLM 기법에서 사용한 숫자만큼 스크램블 코드를 사용한다면 기존의 SLM 기법보다 PAPR 성능을 더 개선할 수 있다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2009

Multicarrier direct sequence code division multiple access (MC DS-CDMA) is an attractive technique for achieving high data rate transmission. This is valid regardless of whether or not the potentially large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is an important factor for its application. On the other hand, code select CDMA (CS-CDMA) is an attractive technique with constant amplitude transmission of multicode signal regardless of subchannels. This is achieved by introducing a code select method. In this paper, we propose a new multiple access scheme based on the combination of MC DS-CDMA and CS-CDMA. The proposed scheme, which we call MC CS-CDMA, includes as special cases the subclasses of MC DS-CDMA and CS-CDMA. This paper investigates the performance of these systems over a multipath frequency selective fading channel using a RAKE receiver with maximal ratio combiner. In addition, the PAPR of the proposed system is compared with that of both MC DS-CDMA and CS-CDMA. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system provides better PAPR reduction than MC DS-CDMA, at the expense of the complexity of the receiver and the number of available users. The numerical result demonstrates that the proposed system has better performance than MC DS-CDMA due to the increased processing gain and time diversity gain.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2021

Polar transmitter can support multi-band and multi-mode operation. The efficiency of frequency usage can be increased if polar transmitters can transmit multi-carrier signals. In this paper the configuration of polar transmitters is investigated to generate multi-carrier signals. Spectrum and CCDF Simulation results of two-carrier signals generated by the polar transmitter can be used to design of PM and AM path in a polar transmitter.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2003

CDMA(code division multiple access) has very large peak to average power ratio(PAR) and behave as noise-like wide band digital signals with 1.2288 Mbps transmission rate. For signals with high PAR like CDMA, it is reasonable to prescribe occupied bandwidth(OBW) as average occupied bandwidth. Bandwidth measurements of CDMA signals at remote site are affected by co-channel and adjacent channel interference from adjacent CDMA base station, distortion of signal by fading effect, spurious emission and environment noises. In this study, we have compared OBW measurements in an on-air environment with those measured in a base station using adjacent channel leakage ratio(ACLR) as a reference measurement factor. As results of analysis, the OBW at ACLR$\geq$35 ㏈ shows nearly same statistical characteristics regardless of the measurement locations and environments.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.641-642
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• 2006

The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of work load on heart rate variability (HRV) which is widely used marker of the autonomic nervous system activity. Average heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and the power spectrum of heart rate variability were investigated in seven healthy males during exercise at various work loads. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the average heart rate during exercise, group 1 with lower heart rate and group 2 with higher heart rate. HF component showed decrease followed by increase with workload. Accordingly, the LF/HF ratio showed increase followed by decrease with workload. The peak in LF/HF ratio of group 1 was at the lower workload than that of group 2.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.491-491
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• 2013

A novel plasma system has been developed for 3-dimensional modification of the carbon nano-powders. Improvement of dispersion of these nano materials are studied by plasma discharge, not using chemical modification. The plasma process is considered to great advantages over wet chemical process due to environmental, economic viewpoint, and uniformity over the treated volume. The uniform dispersion is a critical factor for these material's nano composite applications. Using this plasma system, graphene, carbon black, and CNT was treated and functionalized. Several key discharge conditions such as Ar/H2/O2 or Ar/H2/NH3 gas ratio, treatment time, power, feeder's vibration frequency are investigated. Hydrophobic of graphene has turned some more into hydrophilic by reaction test with water, electrophoresis, surface contact angle test, and turbidity analysis. The oxygen content ratio in the plasma treated CNT has increased about 3.7 times than the untreatedone. In the case of graphene and carbon black, the oxygen- and nitrogen- content has been enhanced average 10%. O-H (N-H) peak, C-O (C-N) peak, and C=O (C=N) peak data have been detected by FTIR measurement and intensified compared to before-plasma treatment due to O2 or NH3 content.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

A differential-cascode CMOS power amplifier (PA) with a supply modulator for envelope tracking (ET) has been implemented by 0.18 ${\mu}m$ RF CMOS technology. The loss at the output is minimized by implementing the output transformer on a FR-4 printed circuit board (PCB). The CMOS PA utilizes the $2^{nd}$ harmonic short at the input to enhance the linearity. The measurement was done by the 10MHz bandwidth 16QAM 6.88 dB peak-to-average power ratio long-term evolution (LTE) signal at 1.85 GHz. The ET operation of the CMOS PA with the supply modulator enhances the power-added efficiency (PAE) by 2.5, to 10% over the stand-alone CMOS PA for the LTE signal. The ET PA achieves a PAE of 36.5% and an $ACLR_{E-UTRA}$ of -32.7 dBc at an average output power of 27 dBm.

• 한국전자파학회지:전자파기술
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2002

CDMA 시스템은 성능의 우수성에도 불구하고 신호처리의 복잡성과, 여러 채널의 신호를 동시에 전송시, 채널수가 증가할수록 신호의 PAPR(Peak to Average Power Ratio)가 증가하는 문제점을 갖고 있다. 본 논문에서는 멀티코드 CDMA의 특성과 구조를 유지하면서도 전송신호의 레벨이 항상 일정하여 기존의 TDMA 시스템 구조로도 멀티코드 CDMA 신호를 전송할 수 있는 Binary CDMA 기술에 대해 소개한다. Binary CDMA 기술은 적용 기술별로는 펄스폭 CDMA(PW/CDMA; Pulse Width CDMA), 다위상 CDMA(MP/CDMA; Multi Phase CDMA), 코드선택 CDMA(CS/CDMA; Code Select CDMA)로 구분되며, 사용자간의 상호간섭이 심한 환경에서 무선으로 실시간 멀티미디어를 보내는 소형 휴대형 장비에 적합한 무선 solution을 제공한다.

• 한국산업정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산업정보학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.65-70
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 차세대 이동통신분야에서 고속의 데이터 전송과 무선 환경극복을 위해 사용되는 OFDM 시스템에서 전송되어지는 신호들의 PAPR(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)를 감소시키는 방안을 제시한다. PN 시퀀스로 쓰이는 두 개의 직교 시퀀스, 즉 Walsh-Hadamard 시퀀스와 Golay complementary 시퀀스의 PAPR 성질을 살펴보고 그 결과를 보인다. 즉, 상대적으로 적은 채널사용자일 때 Walsh-Hadamard 시퀀스는 매우 큰 PAPR를 가지며, 반면 Golay complementary 시퀀스는 이론 값에 근접한 안정된 상태를 보인다. 이 두 시퀀스의 장단점을 이용하여 채널사용자 수에 따른 직교 시퀀스의 결정으로 OFDM 시스템의 PAPR를 줄이는 방법을 제안하고 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 그 감소효과를 검증한다.

• 한국ITS학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국ITS학회 2004년도 제3회 정기총회 및 추계학술대회
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• pp.246-251
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• 2004