• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.405-413
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• 2024

Several techniques for determining the reverse peak current from a cyclic voltammogram (CV) for a reversible system are described in the literature: CV itself as a baseline with long switching potential (E_λ) that serves as a baseline for other CVs, Nicholson equation that uses CV parameters to calculation reverse peak current and linear extrapolation of the current obtained at the switching potential. All methods either present experimental difficulties or large errors in the peak current determination. The paper demonstrates, both theoretically and experimentally, that trapezoidal cyclic voltammetry (TCV) can be used as a baseline to determine anodic peak current (i_ap) with high accuracy and with a switching potential shorter than that used by CV, as long as E_λ is at least 130 mV away from the cathodic peak. Beyond this value of switching potential the electroactive specie is completely depleted from the electrode surface. Using TCV with E_λ = 0.34 V and a switching time (t_λ) of 240 s as a baseline, the determination of the reverse peak current presents a deviation from the expected value of less than 1% for most of the CVs studied (except cases when E_λ is close to the direct potential peak). This result presents better accuracy than the Nicholson equation and the linear extrapolation of the current measured at the switching potential, in addition to presenting a smaller error than that obtained in the acquisition of the experimental current. Furthermore, determining the reverse peak current by extrapolating the linear fit of i_ap vs. ${\sqrt[1/]{t_{\lambda}}}$ to infinite time gave a reasonable approximation to the expected value. Experiments with aqueous potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) and ferrocene in acetonitrile confirmed the theoretical predictions.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.485-509
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• 2013

People have tendency to remember only the last good memories in result. It was similar that main singer or event has often at end of the program. Psychologist of Kahneman found that we remember about the pleasurable quality of our past experience is almost entirely determined by the strongest experience(Peak) and the last experience(End). This study examined Peak-End Rule available to the three different group of foreigner package tourists visited Ha-Dong Wild tea cultural festival. Results that all group's End experience have influence to satisfaction of festival. Also Peak experience has influenced significant to satisfaction of festival except of third group. First and Second group satisfaction were influenced both of Peak experience and End experience.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.169-176
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• 2002

The purpose of this study were to measured peak torque of lumbar extensor at various degrees and to compare with the choronic low back pain patients and healthy subjects back extensor peak torque. Research subject are fifty choronic low back pain patients and fifty healthy subjects are Dong-a university hospital visited to 2000, January since 1999, august none lumbosacral traumal past history and neurologic disorder that is twenty generation, thirty generation, forty generation, fifty generation, sixty generation in healthy subjects and twenty generation, thirty generation, forty generation, fifty generation, sixty generation in cause choronic low back pain patients. The result were as follows. 1. There were each generation choronic low back pain patients and healthy subjects back extensor peak torque are consideration (p<.05). 2. Twenty generation was all degree of angle in lumbar extention peak torque in choronic low back pain patients back extensor are lower than healthy subjects(p<.05). 3. Thirty generation was all degree of angle in lumbar extention peak torque in choronic low back pain patients back extensor are lower than healthy subjects(p<.05). 4. Forty generation was all degree of angle in lumbar extention peak torque in choronic low back pain patients back extensor are lower than healthy subjects(p<;.05). 5. Fifty generation was all degree of angle in lumbar extention peak torque in choronic low back pain patients back extensor are lower than healthy subjects(p<.05). 6. Sixty generation was all degree of angle in lumbar extention peak torque in choronic low back pain patients back extensor are lower than healthy subjects(p<.05).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.786-792
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• 2013

In this study was explored minimize side effects due to the additional injection of contrast medium and maintaining a high resolution imaging applied to the inspection and analysis of the contrast medium that affect the peak time biomechanics factors. Included 48 patients using the test bolus method, after measuring a patient's biomechanics factors of inspection before and during the test, correlation between contrast medium peak time and learn, matches the regression equation calculated and measured contrast medium peak time was assessed by the Bland Altman plot. Research result, inspections of SBP, HR contrast medium peak time and a significant negative correlation was, step 1, every increase, the contrast medium peak time significantly to -0.018 and -0.159 decreased, a fairly high concordance no difference between the two method. In conclusion, the regression equation using the existing methods, while maintaining excellent image quality that contrast medium is reduced to a patient, it can conclude that the alternative to the existing methods.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.10
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• pp.1278-1285
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• 2018

For saving electricity bill, energy storage system(ESS) is being installed in factories, public building and commercial building with a Time-of-Use(TOU) tariff which consists of demand charge(KRW/kW) and energy charge(KRW/kWh). However, both of peak reduction and ESS special tariff are not considered in an analysis of initial cost payback period(ICPP) on ESS. Since it is difficult to reflect base rate by an amount of uncertain peak demand reduction during mid-peak and on-peak periods in the future days. Therefore, the ICPP on ESS can be increased. Based on this background, this paper presents the advanced analysis method for the ICPP on ESS. In the proposed algorithm, the representative days of monthly electricity consumption pattern for the amount of peak reduction can be found by the k­means clustering algorithm. Moreover, the total expected energy costs of representative days are minimized by optimal daily ESS operation considering both peak reduction and the special tariff through a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP). And then, the amount of peak reduction becomes a value that the sum of the expected energy costs for 12 months is maximum. The annual benefit cost is decided by the amount of annual peak reduction. Two simulation cases are considered in this study, which one only considers the special tariff and another considers both of the special tariff and amount of peak reduction. The ICPP in the proposed method is shortened by 18 months compared to the conventional method.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2007

The peak time, peak height, width at peak, and the width at 8 min of Mixograph increased as the amount of sodium chloride in yellow alkaline noodle sheet was increased. The peak time of the Mixograph duration increased almost twice when 0.5% sodium carbonate was added to yellow alkaline noodle sheet, but decreased when the amount of sodium carbonate was above 0.5%. The peak height decreased as the amount of sodium carbonate increased. Protein content and sedimentation values showed positive correlations with the Mixograph peak height, width at peak, and width at 8min. The pasting temperature, peak viscosity, minimum viscosity, and final viscosity increased as the amount of sodium chloride in yellow alkaline noodle sheets was increased for all wheat flours. The peak viscosity, minimum viscosity, and final viscosity also increased as the amount of sodium carbonate increased. The pasting temperature showed a positive correlation with the water retention capacity and the alkaline water retention capacity.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2008

In this study, the effect of water content condition was investigated on the Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters which are commonly used as the input data in the soil slope analysis. For the purpose, a series of direct shear test was conducted in different water content conditions on the two types of weathered soils and a dam core material, obtained from the domestic slope construction sites and the dam construction site, respectively. The comparisons between the values of the Mohr-Coulomb ${\phi}_{peak}$ and $c_{peak}$, estimated from the relationships between the normal stress and the peak shear stress for the samples in the four different water content conditions (i.e., dry side, optimum, wet side, and saturated), showed that overall, the values of $c_{peak}$ decreased gradually while those of ${\phi}_{peak}$ did not vary much with increasing the water content. A rough estimate for the varying ratio of the values of ${\phi}_{peak}$ and $c_{peak}$ indicated that the values of $c_{peak}$ decreased by every 25% of the $c_{peak}$ values in dry side, while those of ${\phi}_{peak}$ were constant, as the water content condition changed from dry, optimum, and wet to saturated, respectively.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2011

Objectives: To determine the effect of the spectral output of single and dual-peak light emitting diode (LED) curing lights on the microhardness and color stability of commercial resin composites formulated with camphorquinone and alternative photoinitiators in combination. Materials and Methods: Three light-polymerized resin composites (Z100 (3M ESPE), Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent) and Aelite LS Posterior (Bisco)) with different photoinitiator systems were used. The resin composites were packed into a Teflon mold (8 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) on a cover glass. After packing the composites, they were light cured with single-peak and dual-peak LEDs. The Knoop microhardness (KHN) and color difference (${\Delta}E$) for 30 days were measured. The data was analyzed statistically using a student's t-test (p < 0.05). Results: All resin composites showed improved microhardness when a third-generation dual-peak LED light was used. The color stability was also higher for all resin composites with dual-peak LEDs. However, there was a significant difference only for Aelite LS Posterior. Conclusions: The dual-peak LEDs have a beneficial effect on the microhardness and color stability of resin composites formulated with a combination of camphorquinone and alternative photoinitiators.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.1427-1434
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• 2017

Since the late 2000s, there has been growing preparation in South Korea for a sudden reunification of South and North Korea. Particularly in the power industry field, thorough preparations for the construction of a power infrastructure after reunification are necessary. The first step is to estimate the peak load demand. In this paper, we suggest a new peak demand estimation methodology by integrating existing correlation analysis methods between economic indicators and power generation quantities with a power supply interruption model in consideration of power consumption patterns. Through this, the potential peak demand and actual peak demand of the Nation, which experiences power supply interruption can be estimated. For case studies on North Korea after reunification, the potential peak demand in 2015 was estimated at 5,189 MW, while the actual peak demand within the same year was recorded as 2,461 MW. The estimated potential peak demand can be utilized as an important factor when planning the construction of power system facilities in preparation for reunification.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.43-49
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examined the dynamic peak plantar pressure under the foot areas in those with a functional leg length inequality. Methods: The dynamic peak plantar pressure under the foot areas in an experimental group with a functional leg length inequality (n=20) and a control group (n=20) was assessed a using the Mat-Scan system (Tekscan, USA). The peak plantar pressure under the hallux, 1st, 2nd, 3-4th and 5th metatarsal head (MTH), mid foot, and heel was measured while the subject was walking on the Mat-Scan system. Results: The experimental group had significantly higher peak plantar pressure under all foot areas when the dynamic peak plantar pressure in the short leg and long leg sides was compared. The control group had a significantly higher peak plantar pressure under the 1st, 2nd, 3-4th, and 5th MTH when the dynamic peak plantar pressure in the short leg and long leg sides were compared. The experimental group showed a significantly larger difference in the dynamic peak plantar pressure under the hallux, 1st, 2nd, 3-4th and 5th MTH, mid foot and heel than the control group. Conclusion: A functional leg length inequality leads to an increase in the weight distribution and dynamic peak plantar pressure in the side of the short leg.