• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1976

A clinical study was made on 263 patients of hypothyroidism among the 5,970 patients of various thyroid diseases diagnosed and treated at the Radioisotope Clinic and Laboratory, Seoul National University Hospital from May, 1960 to Aug., 1975. The results obtained with this study are as follows: 1) The etiological classification of hypothyroidism revealed 244 cases (93%) of primary hypothyroidism and 19 cases (7%) of secondary hypothyroidism. 2) The most frequent cause of the thyroprivic primary hypothyroidism was post radioiodine therapy with 109 cases (41.4%). 3) There were 37 cases (14%) of male and 226 cases (86%) of female, showing a ratio of 1:6. 4) The majority of patients were between the ages of 30 and 60 with the peak incidence (87 cases, 33%) in their fourth decades of lives. 5) The major symtoms and signs were weakness (97%), edema of face and extremities (92%); Decreased Achilles tendon reflex (87%), cold intolerance (82%), gain in weight (76%), constipation (58%) and cold skin (51%). 6) The cumulative incidence of hypothyroidism in patient treated with $^{131}I(3{\sim}8mci)$ was 7.2% at first year, 33.3% at tenth year and the 50% at fourteenth year and the annual increment was 2.9%. 7) The incidence of hypothyroidism related to thenumbers of $^{131}I$ the rapy was not linear. 8) The diagnostic compatibilities of the various tests to hypothyroidism were TSH (100%), $T_4$ (93.8%), 24-hour-RNIU (91.5%), ATR (86.7%), $T_3RU$ (66.1%) and BMR (64.9%).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.103-116
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• 2023

Background: This study analyzed the physiological adaptations of a woody plant, Vitex rotundifolia, in Goraebul coastal sand dunes from May to September 2022. Environmental factors and physiological of plants growing under field and controlled (pot) conditions were compared. Results: Photosynthesis in plants growing in the coastal sand dunes and pots was the highest in June 2022 and July 2022, respectively. Chlorophyll fluorescence indicated the presence of stress in the coastal sand dune environment. The net photosynthesis rate (P_N) and Y(II) were highest in June in the coastal sand dune environment and July in the pot environment. In August and September, Y(NPQ) increased in the plants in the coastal sand dune environment, showing their photoprotective mechanism. Chlorophyll a and b contents in the pot plant leaves were higher than those in the coastal sand dune plant leaves; however, chlorophyll-a/b ratio was higher in the coastal sand dune plant leaves than in the pot plant leaves, suggesting a relatively high photosynthetic efficiency. Carotenoid content in the coastal sand dune plant leaves was higher in August and September 2022 than that in the pot plant leaves. Leaf water and soluble carbohydrate contents of the coastal sand dune plant leaves decreased in September 2022, leading to rapid leaf abscission. Diurnal variations in photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in both environments showed peak activity at 12:00 hour; however, the coastal sand dune plants had lower growth rates and Y(II) than the pot plants. Plants in the coastal sand dunes had higher leaf water and ion contents, indicating that they adapted to water stress through osmotic adjustments. However, plants growing in the coastal sand dunes exhibited reduced photosynthetic activity and accelerated decline due to seasonal temperature decreases. These findings demonstrate the adaptation mechanisms of V. rotundifolia to water stress, poor soils, and high temperature conditions in coastal sand dunes. Conclusions: The observed variations indicate the responses of the V. rotundifolia to environmental stress, and may reveal its survival strategies and adaptation mechanisms to stress. The results provide insights into the ecophysiological characteristics of V. rotundifolia and a basis for the conservation and restoration of damaged coastal sand dunes.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 1967

Over the past 6 years, from May 1960 to June 1966, 1,716 patients with various diseases of thyroid were examined and thyroid function tests with $^{131}I$ were done. Among them, 545 patients with hyperthyroidism were treated with $^{131}I$. A summary of the clinical data of the $^{131}I$-thyroid function tests and the therapeutic results of $^{131}I$ were presented and discussed. 1. The patients examined consisted of; 596 cases(34.7%) with toxic diffuse goiter, 412 cases(24.0%) with non-toxic nodular goiter, 278 cases(16.2%) with euthyroidism, 236 cases(13.8%) with non-toxic diffuse goiter, 89 cases(5.2%) with hypothyroidism, 53 cases(3.1%) with toxic nodular goiter, 32 cases(1.9%) with thyroiditis and 20 cases(1.2%) with dyshormonogenesis. 2. There were 218(12.7%) male patients and 1,498(87.3%) female patients, showing a ratio of 1:6.9. female predominantly. 3. The majority of patients(79.6%) were in the 3rd through 5th decades of their lives showing the peak in the 4th decades(35.9%). 4. The diagnostic values and normal ranges of $^{131}I$ uptake test, 48 hour serum activity, $T_3$ red blood cell uptake and $PB^{131}I$ conversion ratio were discussed. 5. An attention was given to dyshormonogenesis, a qualitative hypothyroidism, due to its characteristic findings of clinical and $^{131}I$ thyroid function tests, and its pathogenesis was briefly reviewed. 6. Among 545 patients with hyperthyroidism treated with $^{131}I$, 68.3% was cured after single. therapeutic dose and another 24.0% was cured after second dose. 7. The complications of $^{131}I$ therapy were discussed in some details and myxedema had developed. in 3.9% of our cases. No thyroid cancer was found after $^{131}I$ therapy.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.237-250
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• 2013

At Gosan ABC superstation in Jeju Island, we measured organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in $PM_{2.5}$ from October 2009 to June 2010 using a Sunset Laboratory Model-4 Semi-Continuous OC/EC Field Analyzer. It employs TOT (Thermal-Optical-Transmittance) method with NIOSH 5040 protocol and enables to continuously monitor OC and EC concentrations with 1-hour time resolution. The mean values of OC and EC for the entire period of measurements were $2.1{\pm}1.4{\mu}g/m^3$ and $0.7{\pm}0.6{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The OC/EC ratio was 3 and EC accounted $25{\pm}2.1%$ of total carbon (TC, TC=OC+EC). Although OC and EC showed similar trend in seasonal variation, the ratio of OC to EC was the highest in early summer when temperature was the highest and the air was affected by biomass burning in the southern part of China. In winter, the high OC and EC concentrations were likely influenced by increased coal combustion from residential heating. The high OC and EC concentrations were observed during events such as haze, dust, and the combination of the two. During the haze events, OC and EC were enhanced with increase in $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, $SO_2$, and $NO_2$ with broad maxima. When dust occurred, both OC and EC started decreasing after reaching their maxima a couple of hours before $PM_{10}$ maximum. The peak separation of carbonaceous species and aerosol masses with time was more noticeable when haze event was followed by dust plume. These results confirm that OC and EC are key components of haze occurring in the study region.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2005

This study evaluated the quality of commercial extruded pellet (EP) diet of five companies (A, B, C, D and E) for olive flounder Paralichtys olivaceus by biochemical analyses, physical properties and growth performance. The proximate analyses of five EP diets showed $3.2-10.0\%$ of moisture, $49.3-55.5\%$ of crude protein, $4.6-14.7\%$ of crude lipid, $7.0-13.8\%$ of crude ash, $0.7-10.5\%$ of crude fiber, $10.0-27.3\%$ of itrogen free extract (NFE), 304.3-395.4kcal/100g of digestible energy (DE) and 6.1-7.1 of calorie/protein ratio (C/P). Peroxide value (POV) was highest in diet D (47.4 meq/kg) as compared to other diets which in the range of 4.0-11.7 meq/kg. Total amino acid contents were ranged from 46.54 to $55.46\%$ with the highest content in diet B and the lowest content in diet C. Essential amino acid of diet C was lowest $(7.43\%)$ as compared to other diets which in the range of $19.43-20.30\%$. Saturated fatty acid was higher in diet A $(37.65\%)$ followed by diet B $(36.32\%)$, diet E$(34.39\%)$, diet C$(30.95\%)$ and diet D$(30.10\%)$. EPA+DHA were highest in diet E$(30.78\%)$ and lowest in diet C$(15.48\%)$. The floating rate after 6 hours on the sea water was highest in diet C$(100\%)$ followed by diet B$(40\%)$ and A$(10\%)$. However, diets D and E were completely settled down after 1 and 2 hours, respectively. The range of relative expansion rate was $27.2-49.3\%$ for all diets and all reached the peak at 2-3 hours. The water absorption rate of diets C and D was lowest, and diet E was highest at 1 hour after deposition of sea water. Growth rate was higher in diet B$(22.3\%)$ and E$(21.3\%)$. Feed efficiency was higher in diet A$(109.7\%)$ and E$(105.3\%)$ and was significantly lowest in diet D$(80.7\%)$. The protein efficiency ratio was highest in diet E (2.72) and lowest in diet D (1.76). These results suggest that there is a necessity for improvement of nutrients balance and feed physical properties to fulfill the nutrient requirements and digestive characteristics of fishes in commercial EP diets.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 2004

Background and Purpose : Hypertension is one of the modifiable risk factors for stroke. Lowering blood pressure is a primary or secondary preventative measure for stroke. This study aims to assess the efficacy of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan) in stage 1 hypertensive patients who have suffered a stroke by 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring(24ABPM). Subjects& Methods : We enrolled 40 hospitalized stroke patients with stage 1 hypertension and divided them into 2 groups by stratified randomization; group A took 1200mg of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan) at 8:00 a.m. for two weeks without changing herbal medicine, and group B was the control group. 28 patients were included in the final analysis(15 in group A. 13 in group B). Blood pressure is monitored from 8:00 am to 7:30 am every 30 minutes for 24 hours. Blood pressure was monitored two times at baseline and again two weeks later. We used 3 parameters for evaluating the efficacy of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan); The first parameter is change from baseline to two weeks later in blood pressure and pulse rate. The second parameter is the trough/peak ratio(TPR) and smoothness index(SI). The third parameter is antihypertensive rate by antihypertensive efficacy guideline. Results : There is no significant difference in the baseline assessment hetween the two groups. Systolic blood pressure $(141.37{\pm}8.96\;mmHg\;vs\;132.28{\pm}9.46\;mmHg)$ decreased after two weeks of 1200mg(P=0.03) intake of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan). Systolic TPR and SI was 0.87 and 1.04 in group A. Antihypertensive rate was higher in group A. Conclusion: These results suggest that 1200mg doses of Clunghyul-dan(Qingxue-dan) is an effective antihypertensive agent on stage 1 hypertension patients who have suffered a stroke.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.380-392
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• 2002

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the usage of microtremor in estimation of subsurface structure and ground response to strong ground motion. To accomplish the purpose, the current status of microtremor study are reviewed and microtremors recorded at several stations are analysed. First of all, the stability of microtremor is examined through the analysis of microtremors recorded for 80 seconds per hour during the time from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. for eight hours at night time. It is found that the shape of microtremor spectra of low frequency below 10Hz is approximately invariable with time and the spectra contain informations about subsurface structure. The subsurface structures estimated from the predominant frequency determined from the recorded microtremors are compared with the known ones from geophysical surveys at several stations in Kyungju. The comparison of structures shows rough agreements at most stations. Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio(HVSR) technique for microtremor has been proposed as an indirect method to determine ground response to strong ground motion. The HVSR for microtremors recorded in Kyungju is calculated and compared with theoretical transfer function calculated from the known structures. The comparison shows rough coincidence of the peak frequency of spectra between them.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.54-62
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• 2001

Purpose: There have been few reports about common gastrointestinal diseases in children visiting emergency room. The aim of this study was to present basic data and their meanings about emergency room utilization in children with nonsurgical gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: The authors prospectively studied 1,228 consecutive children with gastrointestinal diseases, amongst 6,179 nonsurgical pediatric patients who visited the emergency room of Seoul Red Cross Hospital from Jan. 1st 1998 to Dec. 31st 1999. Results: 1) First visit was 60.7% of total visits and 30.7% were between 1 and 3 years of age while 80.4% were below 6 years of age. Male patients were predominant by a ratio of 1.3:1. 2) The peak month of visits was December (12.1%), and the peak time of visits was between 8:00 pm and midnight (35.9%). Average length of stay at emergency room of the total patients were 0.86 hour. 3) Five major diseases were acute gastroenteritis (44.3%), fecal impaction &/or constipation (21.3%), acute gastritis (16.4%), intussusception (4.6%), and infantile colic (4.3%) in order. 4) 19.6% of the total patients were hospitalized. Conclusion: There were differences in various distributions regarding each nonsurgical gastrointestinal disease entity in children visiting emergency room even though distributions of the total patients in our study were not so different from those in previous reports by others.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 1990

This study was performed to find differences in phototaxis response of the larva, adult emergence, sex ratio and gall formation rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye between two areas, north and south. Larvae from these two areas, Hweng-sung in north and Moo-an in south, both considered to be the sities of severe outbreak of the insect recently, were collected from the floor and transported to the entomology larboratory, Won-Kwang University in Iri, then overwintered. These larvae were used for various experimental purposes on various dates. The following results were obtained. 1. The sizes of larvae reached 2.45 in length, 0.70 in width for north, and 2.50 in length, 0.72 in width for sourth. It seems that the differents were not significant. 2. It is known that Leaving gall of larvae to the ground for the hibernation usually occurs on rainy days. For the larvae dispersion, the phototaxis response of the larvae was hypothesized. To check this, the author manipulated some different illumination intensities adjusting the distance between the glass tube in which 100 larvae were contained and electric bulb. The glass tubes were blackened all but except a small portion. The phototaxis responses between two areas seemed to be different particularly at low light intensities, 45, 145 and 1000 lux, The larvae from north assembled to the clear portion of the glass tube were more than 30 out of 100, however less than 30 in south sample regardless of the time passage. In either cases, the saturation points came after about 8 to 10 hours. If temperature units were used, the phototaxis curve= after 1 hour illumination between two areas provided significant differences. 3. The adult emergence of south area was lagged 10 days later than that of north area. The accumulated effective day-degrees of temperature for adult emergence were $934^{\circ}C$ for north area and $1180^{\circ}C$ for south area. The emerging duration of north area appeared to be in late May through the early of July and the peak emergence occurred in middle June that was approximately 15days earlier than that of south area. The sex ratio of female to male, regardless of area, was approximately 3 : 1. 4. The rates of gall formation of the red pine(Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zuccarini), 6-year-old seedlings, were as low as 9.94% for north area and 8.87% for south area. Through the close observation, the author presumed that the population reduction was greatly affected during the prepupa stage by relative moisture content and predators, such as spiders and ants presented on the ground.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.413-421
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• 1999

Background: Ischemia reperfusion injury is known to contribute to the major causes of the early graft failure in lung transplantation. Triiodothyronine (T3) has been suggested to ameliorate ischemia reperfusion injury from both in vivo and in vitro experiments of various organs. Prospecting its beneficial effect for pulmonary allograft preservation, we made a new solution by adding T3 into the extracellular type dextran solution. Material and Method: Twelve adult mongrel dogs underwent left lung allotransplantation. Six donor dogs were flushed with the new solution(Group 1, n=6), and the remaining six were flushed with Euro-Collins solution to serve as controls(Group 2, n=6). Allografts were stored in each preservation solution for 20 hours at 4$^{\circ}C$. Left single lung transplantations were performed. The right pulmonary artery and the right main bronchus were clamped at 15 minutes after the reperfusion and maintained throughout the experiment to evaluate the transplanted left lung function. Result: Arterial carbon dioxide tension was better in group 1 than in group 2 throughout the experiment period and the difference was statistically significant at 2 hours after reperfusion(28.0${\pm}$3.0 mmHg and 53.1${\pm}$17.4 mmHg, p<0.05). The differences of arterial oxygen partial pressure, peak airway pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance showed no statistical significance. The malondialdehyde(MDA) level, measured from tissue obtained at 120 minutes after reperfusion showed no statistically significant difference. The tissue wet/dry ratio of group 1(649${\pm}$27 %) was significantly lower than that of group 2(686${\pm}$71 %, p<0.05). The microscopic examination revealed varying degrees of injury represented mainly by findings such as perivascular neutrophil infiltration, capillary hemorrhage and interstitial congestion. These findings were less severe in group 1 than those in group 2. Conclusion: The new solution demonstrated superior allograft preservation after 20 hour ischemia compared to Euro-Collins solution in canine single left lung transplantation model, these results suggest that T3 might be a promising agent for pulmonary allograft preservation.