• 한국어교육
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.25-51
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• 2017

This study aimed to identify the differences in pitch perception between tonal and non-tonal language listeners. A total of 60 Korean and Chinese listeners participated in the perception test. A two-syllable nonsense word /paba/ was manipulated in five steps. The pitch height or contour on the second syllable was raised or lowered. Both groups were asked to select which of the two syllables had the higher pitch. The findings showed that the majority of Korean listeners (GK) perceived decreased pitch as each peak of the syllable was lowered and perceived increased pitch as it was raised, which means the pitch height is a primary perceptual cue for GK. However, Chinese listeners (GC) perceived sensitive pitch movements as the pitch contour changed. GC's perception may presumably be affected by the L1's tone sandhi. We found it reasonable to assume that language experience has a significant effect on the cross-linguistic perceptual differences between tone and non-tonal language listeners.

• 천문학회보
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.58.1-58.1
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• 2018

In the solar atmosphere, below the region of temperature minimum, temperature decreases with height and above it, temperature increases with height. Therefore the inference of temperature minimum is a basis of the study about the solar atmosphere and heating problem. The temperature of the temperature minimum region can be inferred from acoustic cutoff frequency. According to a recent study the acoustic cutoff frequency is related to the peak frequency of the power spectrum the chromospheric three-minute velocity oscillations. Using this relationship, we infer the temperature of temperature minimum. The three minute velocity oscillation and its power spectrum are obtained for a pore observed with the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph (FISS) $H{\alpha}$ band. We present the inferred temperature and compare it with the temperature of Maltby model. We also investigate the effect of the inclination of magnetic field on the temperature minimum.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제85권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2023

Energy-based seismic design and evaluation methods are promising to be involved in the next generation design codes. Accordingly, determining the distribution of earthquake input energy demand among floor levels is quite imperative in order to develop an energy-based seismic design procedure. In this paper, peak floor input energy demands are achieved from relative input energy response histories of several reinforced concrete (RC) frames. A set of 22 horizontal acceleration histories selected from recorded near-fault earthquakes and scaled in time domain to be compatible with the elastic acceleration design spectra of Turkish Seismic Design Code are used in time history analyses. The distribution of the computed input energy per mass values and the arithmetic means through the height of the considered RC frames are presented as a result. It is found that spatial distribution of input energy per mass is highly affected by the number of stories. Very practical yet consistent formulation of distributing the total input energy to story levels is achieved, as a most important contribution of the study.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.124-129
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• 1991

1990년 6월부터 전남지방에서 성훼로몬을 이용한 파밤나방의 발생소장, 일일비산활동 및 기주별 가해특성을 조사한 결과 성충은 6월 중순부터 trap에 유인이 시작되어 11월 하순까지 계속되었으며 발생 peak는 비닐하우스에서 8월 중순~하순, 9월 중순~하순, 11월 상순~중순이었으며 야외포장에서도 역시 6월 중순부터 유인이 시작되어 9월 상순~하순, 10월 중순~11월 하순에 유인량이 많았으며 노지에 비해서 비닐하우스에서 peak가 20일 가량 빨랐다. 유충의 biomass에 의한 발생 가능세대수는 남부지방에서 6회로 추정되었다. 일일중 비산활동은 주로 24시 이후부터 일출전까지 활발하였으며 peak는 4시~6시 사이였다. 기주에 따른 가해특성은 외대파에 있어서는 초장 10cm이하에서 유충 밀도 및 피해주율이 가가장 높았으며, 국화는 생육에 따라 피해주율이 점차 증가하다가 생육후기에는 오히려 떨어지는 경향이었고 가해부위는 시기에 관계없이 주로 엽상이 70%이상이었고 다음은 엽하 12.3%, 정단 9.3%순이었다. 또한 안개초에 있어서 피해주는 거의 생육을 하지 못하여 개화에 이르지 못하였다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to characterize the impact shock wave and its attenuation, and the kinematic response of the lower extremity's joints to the impact shock during downhill running in which the lower extremity's extensor acts dominantly. For this study, fifteen subjects(mean age:$27.08{\pm}4.39$; mass:$76.30{\pm}6.60$; height:$177.25{\pm}4.11$) were required to run on the 0% grade treadmill and downhill grades of 7%, and 15% in random at speed of their preference. When the participant run, acceleration at the tibia and the sacrum and kinematic data of the lower extremity were collected for 20s so as to provide at least 5 strides for analysis at each grade. Peak impact accelerations were used to calculate shock attenuation between the tibia and sacrum in time domain at each grade. Fast Fourier transformation(FFT) and power spectral density(PSD) techniques were used to analyze impact shock factors and its attenuation in the frequency domain. Joint coordinate system technique was used to compute angular displacement of the ankle and knee joint in three dimension. The conclusions were drawn as fellows: 1. Peak impact accelerations of the tibia and sacrum in downhill run were greater than that of 0% grade run, but no significant between conditions. Peak shock of PSD resembled also in pattern of peak impact acceleration. The wave of impact shock attenuation between the tibia and sacrum decreased with increasing grade, but didn't find a significant difference between grade conditions. 2. Adduction/abduction, flexion/extention, and internal/external rotation of the ankle and knee joints at support phase between grade conditions didn't make much difference. 3. At grade of 7% and 15%, there were relationship between the knee of the flexion/extension movement and peak impact acceleration during heel strike and found also it in the ankle of plantar/dorsiflexion at grade of 15%.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.153-156
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• 2000

잎굴파리를 예찰할 때 이용하는 황색 끈끈이 트랩의 최적 설치 높이를 밝히기 위하여 트랩을 3단계의 높이로 설치하여 4회에 걸쳐 높이별 부착수를 조사하였다. 거베라에서 트랩의 설치 높이는 작물과 같은 높이로 설치했을 때가 그 위 30cm, 60cm에 설치했을 때보다 잎굴파리의 유인량이 많았다. 시간대별 잎굴파리의 행동향상을 파악하기 위하여 황색 끈끈이 트랩을 작물높이에 설치한 후 1시간과 2시간 간격으로 일주활동을 조사하였다. 5월 조사에서 08~10시와 14~18시에 두 번의 피크가 나타났으며 7월 조사에서는 08시까지 잡힌 잎굴파리가 가장 많았고, 10월 조사에서는 12~14시에 가장 많이 잡혔다 잎굴파리의 배행활동에는 온도뿐만 아니라 일사강도 등 다른 환경요인도 작용하는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한, 황색 끈끈이트랩에는 암컷보다 수컷이 트랩의 높이나 시간에 관계없이 더 잘 유인되었다.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2006

Long term wave climate of both extreme wave and operational wave height is essential for planning and designing coastal structures. Since the field wave data for the waters around Korean peninsula is not enough to provide reliable wave statistics, the wave climate information has been generated by means of long-term wave hindcasting using available meteorological data. Basic data base of hindcasted wave parameters such as significant wave height, peak period and direction has been established continuously for the period of 25 years starting from 1979 and for major 106 typhoons for the past 53 years since 1951 for each grid point of the North East Asia Regional Seas with grid size of 18 km. Wind field reanalyzed by European Center for Midrange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was used for the simulation of waves for the extra-tropical storms, while wind field calculated by typhoon wind model with typhoon parameters carefully analyzed using most of the available data was used for the simulation of typhoon waves. Design wave heights for the return period of 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 years for 16 directions at each grid point have been estimated by means of extreme wave analysis using the wave simulation data. As in conventional methodsi of design criteria estimation, it is assumed that the climate is stationary and the statistics and extreme analysis using the long-term hindcasting data are used in the statistical prediction for the future. The method of extreme statistical analysis in handling the extreme vents like typhoon Maemi in 2003 was evaluated for more stable results of design wave height estimation for the return periods of 30-50 years for the cost effective construction of coastal structures.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.248-253
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• 2023

An efficient global optimization approach for a periodic plasmonic nanoslit array based on extraordinary optical transmission within an acceptable time range is proposed using 𝚀 factor analysis method. The particle swarm optimization is employed as a global optimization tool. The figure of merit is defined as a product of transmission peak value and 𝚀 factor. The design variables are the slit width, height, and period of the slit array, respectively. The optical properties such as transmission spectrum and bandwidth are calculated rigorously using the finite element method.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.362-372
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• 2003

시멘트가 사용된 이래로 수많은 콘크리트 구조물들이 건설되어 왔으나 그 수명은 콘크리트의 특성으로 인해 한계가 있다고 할 수 있다. 이로 인하여 불가피하게 보수 보강의 필요성이 나타나며 최근까지 많은 방법들이 개발되어 적용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 압축공기식 치핑머신과 앵커핀을 사용하여 노후화된 콘크리트를 보수 보강하는 새로운 방법을 적용하여 노후화된 콘크리트와 신선한 콘크리트의 접합면에 대한 역학적 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 콘크리트 노후부를 제거하기 위한 방법으로 치핑머신을 사용한 경우와 브레이커를 사용한 경우를 비교한 결과 최대점착력에서는 치핑머신이, 잔류점착력에서는 브레이커를 사용한 경우가 높게 나타났다. 접합면에 치핑머신으로 요철을 준 결과, 최대점착력은 평평한 접합면의 경우에 비하여 30 mm 요철심도에서는 14%, 50 mm에서는 22%의 증가를 보였다. 앵커핀은 잔류점착력을 증가시키고 전단파단 이후 슬립을 억제하는 효과를 보였으며, 인장강도를 32% 정도 증가시키는 효과를 나타내었다. 요철과 앵커핀을 복합적으로 적용한 결과 최대점착력은 접합면이 없는 신선한 콘크리트의 77%에 이르렀고 잔류점착력은 신선한 콘크리트의 180%에 이르는 높은 효과를 보였다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.83-98
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest of plantar pressures using the F-Scan system over speeds and plantar regions. 6 healthy female subjects in 20's were recruited for the study. Plantar pressure measurements during locomotor activities can provide information concerning foot function, particularly if the timing and magnitude of the loading profile can be related to the location of specific foot structures such as the metatarsal heads. The Tekscan F-Scan system consists of a flexible, 0.18mm thick sole-shape having 1260 pressure sensors, the sensor insole was trimmed to fit the subjects' right. left shoes - sneakers shoes & dress shoes. It was calibrated by the known weight of the test subject standing on one foot. The Tekscan measurements show the insole pressure distribution as a function of the time. This finding has important implications for the development of plantar pressure test protocols where the function of the forefoot is important. According to the result of analysis it is as follows 1) Center of force trajectory in women's dress shoes display direct movement, compare with center of force trajectory in Sneaker shoes displays a little bit curved slow pronation movement. Sneaker shoes in forefoot part display very quick supination movement, therefore, this shoes effects negative effectiveness for ankle's stability Considering center of force trajectory analyzing the more center of force close straight line, the more movement can be quick movement for locomotion. For foot pressure distribution, center of force trajectory in locomotion is better to curved trajectory with pronation movement. So sneaker shoes style is good shoes considering center of pressure distribution trajectory compare with women's dress shoes. 2) Women's dress shoes increased peak pressure in medial, this is effected by high hill's height. The more increased women's dress shoes's height, the more women's peak pressure will increase, pronation can increase compare with before. Supination movement increase, this focused pressure in lateral, also, supination increased more. If the supination movement increased, foot pressure focused in lateral, therefore, it is appeared force distribution in gait direction. This is bad movement in foot's stability. 3) Women's dress shoes in landing phase displayed a long time, this is when women's dress shoes wear, gait movement is unbalance, so, landing phase displayed a long time. For compensation in gait, swing phase quick movement. 4) Women's dress shoes displayed peak pressure distribution in lateral of rearfoot part, Sneakers shoes displayed peak pressure distribution in medial of forefoot part. Its results has good impact absorption compare with women's dress shoes. In forefoot part, sneakers shoes has good propulsive force compare with women's dress shoes.