• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.588-593
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• 2005

목 적 : 비만아에서 폐기능 검사와 체성분 분석을 시행함으로써 비만이 폐기능과 체성분에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 하였다. 방 법 : 9세에서 12세의 중등도 이상의 비만 소아 27명과 정상 대조군 20명을 대상으로 체성분(세포내액, 세포외액, 단백질, 무기질, 근육량, 체지방량, 체지방률, 복부지방률)을 분석하였다. 헤모글로빈, 혈당, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), 총 콜레스테롤, 혈중 중성지방을 측정하였고 폐기능 검사를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 중등도 이상의 비만 소아에서 peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR)이 정상군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였고, 고도 비만아에서 중등도 비만아보다 세포내액, 단백질, 체지방량, 체지방률, 복부지방률이 유의하게 높았고, peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR)은 고도 비만아에서 유의한 감소를 보였다. peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR)이 비만 소아 중 37.0%에서 감소하였고, forced expiratory flow 25%($FEF_{25}$)와 mid-expiratory flow rate(MEFR)이 14.8%에서, forced expiratory flow 50%($FEF_{50}$)이 11.1%에서, forced expiratory volume in 1st second($FEV_1$)과 FVC가 3.7%에서 감소하였다. 결 론 : 본 연구 대상인 9-12세 소아에서 비만도, 체지방률과 폐기능 측정치와 상관성은 없었지만, 중등도 이상의 비만 소아에서 peak expiratory flow rate(PEFR)이 감소하는 결과를 보이므로 중등도 비만 소아에서 폐기능 검사를 시행하는 것이 좋으며 앞으로 다른 연령군의 비만 소아에서 폐기능 검사에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2017

Background: Tasks involved in traditional charcoal production expose workers to various levels of charcoal dust and wood smoke. This study aimed to identify specific tasks influencing lung function and respiratory symptoms. Methods: Interviews, direct observation, and task/symptom checklists were used to collect data from 50 charcoal-production workers on 3 nonwork days followed by 11 workdays. The peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was measured four times per day. Results: The PEFR was reduced and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms increased over the first 6-7 workdays. The PEFR increased until evening on nonwork days but not on workdays. Loading the kiln and collecting charcoal from within the kiln markedly reduced the PEFR and increased the odds of respiratory symptoms. Conclusion: Tasks involving entry into the kiln were strongly associated with a short-term drop in the PEFR and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms, suggesting a need for the use of protective equipment and/or the operation of an effective kiln ventilation system.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제72권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2012

Background: Measurement of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in a follow-up examination for a chronic airway disease is useful because it has the advantages of being a simple measurement and can be repeated during examination. The aim of this study was to examine the annual decrease of PEFR in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and to confirm the factors which influence this decrease. Methods: From May, 2003 to September, 2010, the annual decrease of PEFR was obtained from asthma and COPD patients attending an outpatient pulmonary clinic. PEFR was measured using a Mini-Wright peak flow meter (Clement Clarke International Ltd. UK), and we conducted an analysis of factors that influence the change of PEFR and its average values. Results: The results showed an annual decrease of $1.70{\pm}12.86$ L/min the asthmatic patients and an annual decrease of $10.3{\pm}7.32$ L/min in the COPD patients. Age and $FEV_1$ were the predictive factors influencing change in asthma, and $FEV_1$ and smoking were the predictive factors influencing change in COPD. Conclusion: We confirmed the annual decreasing PEFR in patients with chronic airway disease and identified factors that work in conjunction with $FEV_1$ to influence the change.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.140-148
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• 2004

To evaluate the acute effects of fine particles on pulmonary function, a longitudinal study was conducted. This study was carried out for the schoolchildren (3rd and 6th grades) living in Beijing, China. Each child was provided with a mini-Wright peak flow meter and a preformatted health symptom diary for 40 days, and was trained on their proper use. Participants were instructed to perform the peak flow test three times in standing position, three times a day (9 am, 12 pm, and 8 pm), and to record all the readings along with the symptoms (cold, cough, and asthmatic symptoms) experienced on that day. Daily measurement of fine particles (PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$) was obtained in the comer of the playground of the participating elementary school for the same period of this longitudinal study. The relationship between daily peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and fine particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, height, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and daily average temperature and relative humidity as extraneous variables. The total number of students participating in this longitudinal study was 87. The range of daily measured PEFR was 253-501$\ell$/min. In general, the PEFR measured in the morning was lower than the PEFR measured in the evening (or afternoon) on the same day. The daily mean concentrations of PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$ over the study period were 180.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 103.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. The IQR (inter-quartile range) of PM$_{10}$ and PM$_{2.5}$ were 91.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 58.0$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥. During the study period, the national ambient air quality standard of 150$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ (for PM$_{10}$) was exceeded in 23 days (57.5%). The analysis showed that an increase of 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ of PM$_{10}$ corresponded to 0.59$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ increment of PM$_{2.5}$. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour average PM$_{10}$ (or PM$_{2.5}$) levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including gender, height, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of fine particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. The IQR increments of PM$_{10}$ or PM$_{2.5}$ (at 1-day time lag) were also shown to be related with 1.54 $\ell$/min (95% Confidence intervals: 0.94-2.14) and 1.56$\ell$/min (95% CI: 0.95-2.16) decline in PEFR.R.ine in PEFR.ine in PEFR.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.298-308
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• 1997

연구배경 : 휴대용 PFMs에 의한 PEFR측정은 쉽고 간편하여 천식의 진단과 추적관찰에 널리 이용되고 있는데, 이들에 의해 측정된 PEFR성적이 얼마나 믿을만 할 것인지는 의문이다. 따라서 저자는 전산화폐기능검사기계인 pneumotachygraph를 기준으로 MPFM에 의한 PEFR측정의 정확도, 일치성, 정밀성을 검토하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 22례의 정상인과 17례의 경증 및 중등도의 천식환자를 대상으로 휴대용 PFMs인 MPFM로 PEFR을 측정하였고 전산화폐기능검사기계인 pneumotachygraph로 폐환기기능검사를 시행하였으며, 이중 정상인만을 대상으로 서로 다른 3일 동안 연속적으로 같은 방법으로 폐기능검사를 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결 과 : 정상인과 환자군 모두에서 MPFM로 측정한 PEFR은 pneumotachygraph 에 의해 측정한 PEFR, $FEV_1$과 유의한 순상관관계에 있었다(for PEFR, r = 0.92, p < 0.001 ; for $FEV_1$, r = 0.78 ; p < 0.001). 정상인과 환자군 모두에서 MPFM로 측정한 PEFR은 pneumotachygraph로 측정한 PEFR과 평균 16.5L/min의 차이(측정된 실제 PEFR의 2.90%)를 보였고 정상인만을 대상으로 했을 때는 10.6L/min의 차이(측정된 실제 PEFR의 1.75%)를 보여 NAEP에서 추천한 정확도의 기준 10%이내로 높은 정확도를 나타냈다. 정상인과 환자군 모두에서 MPFM로 측정한 PEFR과 pneumotachygraph로 측정한 PEFR사이의 Bland-Altman방법에 의한 일치성은 회귀방정식을 이용해 교정했을 때 -71.5~+38.2L/min을 보였고 정상인만을 대상으로 했을 때는 -20.49~+9.49L/min을 보여, 정상인에서 연속 3 일간 얻은 개체내 일치성과 유사하였다. 정상인만을 대상으로 연속 3일간 MPFM로 측정한 PEFR과 pneumotachygrph에 의한 폐기능성적은 각각 횟수에 따라 유의한 차이가 없었고(p > 0.05), MPFM에 의한 PEFR의 CV는 $2.4{\pm}1.2%$로서 pneumotachygraph에 의한 $5.2{\pm}3.5%$보다 유의하게 작았다(p < 0.05). 결 론 : 이상의 성적으로 MPFM에 의해 측정한 PEFR은 전산화폐기능검사기계에 의한 폐기능성적과 다를 바 없는 좋은 성적을 측정할 수 있어서 기관지 천식환자의 폐기능상태의 변화양상을 추적관찰하는데 유용한 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 국제학술대회
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• pp.311-314
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• 2005

To evaluate the acute effects of fine particles on pulmonary function, a longitudinal study was conducted. This study was carried out for the schoolchildren(3rd and 4th grades) living in Inner-Mongolia, China. 113 Chinese children were asked to record their daily levels of peak expiratory flow rate(PEPR) using portable peak flow meter(mini-Wright) for 40 days and 3 time everyday(12 April 2004 to 21 May 2004). The atmospheric concentration of fine particles in study area was also determined everyday during same period. The relationship between dailypeak expiratory flow rate(PEFR) and fine particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, age, height, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and daily average relative humidity as extraneous variables. The analysis showed that the increase of fine particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEPR. The IQR(inter-quartile range) increments of $PM_{10}$ or $PM_{2.5}(66.0{\mu}g/m^3$ and $118.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively) were also shown to be related with 1.422L/min(95% Confidence intervals: 0.270 ${\sim}$ 2.574) and 1.214L1min(95% Cl: 0.010 ${\sim}$ 2.418) decline in PEFR.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2007

To evaluate the effect of air pollution on respiratory health in children, We conducted a longitudinal study in which children were asked to record their daily levels of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate(PEFR) using potable peak flow meter(mini-Wright) for 4 weeks. The relationship between daily PEFR and ambient air particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, age in year, weight, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and relative humidity as an extraneous variable. The daily mean concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ over the study period were $64.9{\mu}g/m^3$ and $46.1{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The range of daily measured PEFR in this study was $182{\sim}481\;l/min$. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour average $PM_{10}(or\;PM_{2.5})$ levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including sex, weight, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of air particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. We estimated that the IQR increment of $PM_{10}$ or $PM_{2.5}$ were associated with 1.5 l/min (95% Confidence intervals -3.1, 0.1) and 0.8 l/min(95% CI -1.8, 0.1) decline in PEFR. Even though this study showed negative findings on the relationship between respiratory function and air particles, it was worth noting that the findings must be interpreted cautiously because exposure measurement based on monitoring of ambient air likely resulted in misclassification of true exposure levels and this was the first Korean study that $PM_{2.5}$ measurement was applied as an index of air quality.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2004년도 International Conference Global Environmental Problems and their Health Consequences
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• pp.193-196
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• 2004

To evaluate the acute effects of fine particles on pulmonary function, a longitudinal study was conducted. This study was carried out for the schoolchildren (3rd and 6th grades) living in Beijing, China. Children were asked to record their daily levels of peak expiratory flow rate using portable peak flow meter (mini-Wright) for 40 days. The relationship between daily PEFR and fine particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, height, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and daily average temperature and relative humidity as extraneous variables. The total number of students participating in this longitudinal study was 87. Daily measured PEFR was in the range of $253{\sim}501L/min$. On the daily basis, a PEFR measured in the morning was shown to be lower than that measured in the evening (or afternoon). The daily mean concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ over the study period were $180.2\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $103.2\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The IQR (inter-quartile range) of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were $91.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $58.0\;{\mu}g/m^3$. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour average $PM_{10}$ (or $PM_{2.5}$) levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including gender, height, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of fine particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. The IQR increments of $PM_{10}$ or $PM_{2.5}$ (at 1-day time lag) were also shown to be related with 1.54L/min (95% Confidence intervals -2.14, -0.94) and 1.56L/min (95% CI -2.16, -0.95) decline in PEFR.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
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• pp.183-186
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• 2003

To evaluate the effect of air pollution on respiratory health in children, we conducted a longitudinal study in which children were asked to record their daily levels of peak expiratory flow rate using potable peak flow meter (mini-Wright) far 4 weeks. The relationship between daily PEFR and ambient air particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, age in you, weight, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and relative humidity as an extraneous variable. The daily mean concentrations of PM$\_$10/ and PM$\_$2.5/ over the study period were 64.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 46. l$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively. The range of daily measured PEFR in this study was 170-481 l/min. Daily mean PEFR was regressed with the 24-hour. average PM$\_$10/ (or PM$\_$2.5/) levels, weather information such as air temperature and relative humidity, and individual characteristics including sex, weight, and respiratory symptoms. The analysis showed that the increase of air particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEFR. We estimated that the IQR increment of PM$\_$10/ or PM$\_$2.5/ were associated with 1.5 l/min (95% Confidence intervals -3.1, 0.1) and 0.8 l/min (95% Cl -1.8, 0.1) decline in PEFR. Even though this study shows negative findings on the relationship between respiratory function and air particles, it is worth noting that the findings must be interpreted cautiously because exposure measurement based on monitoring of ambient air likely results in misclassification of true exposure levels and this is the first Korean study that PM$\_$2.5/ measurement is applied as an index of air particle quality.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제14권1_2호
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• pp.21-33
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• 1999

A large number of studies have indicated associations between the impairment of respiratory health and exposure to ambient air pollutants such as ozone (O$_3$) , nitrogen dioxide (NO$_2$) , sulfur dioxide(SO$_2$) , particulate matters (PM$\_$10/). To evaluate this associations, we used the pulmonary function tests (peak expiratory flow rate : PEFR) by mini-wright peak flow meter and counting neutrophils in the nasal lavage (NL) as biomarker. From 15 June to 16 July 1998, for the workers in the highway tollgates, PEFR and NL were measured three times daily and twice per week. and association between the level of air pollutants and PEFR and NL were analyzed using the multiple regression model and the poisson regression model respectively. The results indicated that the effects of all measured air pollutants (SO$_2$, NO$_2$, O$_3$, PM$\_$10/) were not significantly associated with the value of PEFR. On the other side, SO$_2$, NO$_2$, PM$\_$10/ were significantly associated with the number of neutrophils in NL. The increase in SO$_2$, NO$_2$of 10ppb and in PM$\_$10/ of 10$\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$was associated with 24%, 21%, 35% increases in neutrophil counts. But the ozone exposure was not associated with NL.