• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1167-1173
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• 2017

As the society increasingly embraces the high - tech digital information age, the field of image processing becomes progressively more branched out and becoming an imperative field. However, image data is deteriorated due to various causes during transmission and salt and pepper noise is typical. Typical methods for removing salt and pepper noise include CWMF, SWMF, and A-TMF. However, existing methods are somewhat insufficient in their ability to remove noise in salt and pepper noise environments. Therefore, in this paper, after it is determined whether noise removal is needed, the following measures were taken. If the center pixel was non-noise, the original pixel was preserved, If it was noise, we proposed a two - dimensional spline interpolation method and a median filter depending on the noise density of the local mask. For the purpose of objective judgment, we compared the results with that of existing methods and used PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) as a judgment criterion.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.157-166
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• 2007

This study was to compare the major kinematic factors between the success and failure group on performing the back somersault motion in floor exercise. Three gymnasts(height : $167.3{\pm}2.88cm$, age : $22.0{\pm}1.0years$, body weight : $64.4{\pm}2.3kg$) were participated in this study. The kinematic data was recorded at 60Hz with four digital video camera. Two successful motions and failure motions for each subject were selected for three dimensional analysis. 1. Success Trail It was appear that success trail was larger than failure group in projection velocity, but success trail was smaller than failure trail in projection angle. Also it was appear that success trail was longer than failure group in the time required. Hand segment velocity and maximum velocity in success trail were larger than those in failure trail, and this result was increasing the projection velocity and finally increasing the vertical height of center of mass. At the take-off(event 2), flection amount of hip and knee joint angle was contributed to the optimal condition for the take-off and at the peak point, hip and knee joint angle was maximum flexed for reducing the moment of inertia. Also in this point, upper extremities of success trail extended more than those of failure trail. in this base, success trail in upward phase(p3) 2. Failure Trail It was appear that failure trail was smaller than success trail in projection velocity, but failure trail was larger than success trail in projection angle. Also it was appear that failure trail was more short than success trail in the time required. Hand segment velocity and maximum velocity in failure trail were smaller than those in success trail, and this result was reducing the projection velocity and finally reducing the vertical high of center of mass. At the take-off(event 2), flection amount of hip and knee joint angle wasn't contributed to the optimal condition for the take-off and at the peak point, hip and knee joint angle wasn't maximum flexed for reducing the moment of inertia. Also in this point, upper extremities of failure trail didn't extended more than those of success trail.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.427-435
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• 2010

One of the most vulnerable properties in concrete is tensile cracking, which usually happens at early ages due to hydration heat and shrinkage. In order to accurately predict the early age cracking, it needs to find out how stress-crack opening relation is varying over time. In this study, inverse analyses were performed with the existing experimental data for wedge-splitting tests, and the parameters of the softening curve for the stress-crack opening relation were determined from the best fits of the measured load-CMOD curves. Based on the optimized softening curve, variation of fracture energy over time was first examined, and a model for the stress-crack opening relation at early ages was suggested considering the found feature of the fracture energy. The model was verified by comparisons of the peak loads, CMODs at peak loads, and fracture energies obtained from the experiments and the inverse analysis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 1985

For the systematic investigation of biochemical characteristics of Korean ginseng protein by years, protein fractions were analyzed by the techniques of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gel filtration, while the amino acid composition was studied by amino acid autoanalyzer. Results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE showed a few difference in pattern and number of bands depending on the age of the root. However, the number of bands obtained from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE was 8 and 7 to 11, respectively. When water extracted proteins were fractionated by Sephadex G-200, the main peak among 2 peaks was collected and lyophillized. Its mol. wt. was extimated to be 43,000 by the SDS-PAGE method. In amino acid composition of water extracted protein and main fraction of gel filtration, arginine content was the highest, 47.17% in water extracted protein and 57.36% in main fraction followed by glutamic acid and asparatic acid. On the contrary, cystine and methionine contents were very low in both cases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 1991

The longitudinal changes on human milk volume per day and lactational performance of Korean primiparae(n=9) and multiparae(n=6) from 0.5 month to 5 months after parturition have been studied by test-weighing method. The human milk volume per day tended to increase during lactation. The mean volume to the 3rd month of lactation was 643m1 for primiparae and 654m1 for multiparae, and it was 647 $\pm$ 182m1 for both of them. The mean volume to the 5th month of lactation was 648m1 for primiparae and 668m1 for multiparae, and it was 658$\pm$186$m\ell$ for both of them. The peak volume was observed at the 1st month of lactation in 8 women of 15 lactating women, that is, 53.3% . The high distributions of the individual mean volume to the 5th month were found 550~650$m\ell$(40.0% ) and 650~750$m\ell$(26.7% ). and 13 women of 15 lactating women(86.6% ) were observed below 750m1. The number of feeding per day was 7.7~9.3 to the 5th month and the mean volume per feeding was 65~101$m\ell$. While the former tended to decreased, the latter increased during lactation. The human milk volume was correlated with the peak volume. but not with maternal age. weight before delivery. maternal height and birth weight. As mentioned above, the human milk volume of Koreans was about 658$\pm$ 186$m\ell$ and 86.6% of it was below 750$m\ell$. So the human milk volume, referred to as 800$m\ell$ in recommended dietary allowances for Koreans might be estimated over real amount. It is necessary to study according to regions. socioeconomic levels. maternal nutritional status and the early stage of lactation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.270-274
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• 2017

Background: We evaluated the operative outcomes of an extra-anatomic bypass from the ascending aorta to the abdominal aorta in patients with type II or III Takayasu arteritis (TA) with mid-aortic syndrome. Methods: From 1988 to 2014, 8 patients with type II (n=2) or III (n=6) TA underwent an ascending aorta to abdominal aorta bypass. The mean patient age was $43.5{\pm}12.2years$ and the mean peak pressure gradient between the upper and lower extremities was $54.8{\pm}39.0mm\;Hg$. The median follow-up duration was 54.4 months (range, 17.8 to 177.4 months). Results: There were no cases of operative mortality. The mean peak pressure gradient significantly decreased to $-2.4{\pm}32.3mm\;Hg$ (p=0.017 compared to the preoperative value). Late death occurred in 2 patients. The symptoms of upper extremity hypertension and claudication improved in all patients. The bypass grafts were patent at $47.1{\pm}58.9months$ in 7 patients who underwent follow-up imaging studies. Conclusion: An extra-anatomic ascending aorta to abdominal aorta bypass could be an effective treatment option for severe aortic steno-occlusive disease in patients with type II or III TA, with favorable early and long-term outcomes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2001

Judging from the studies carried out by Dr. Jo, Yong Jin on the Koreans' faces, Koreans divided into two constitutions according to their facial features and heritages. The one population is the Northern lineage whose ancestor migrated from Siberia in ice age. In order to survive in cold climate, they have developed a high level of metabolic heat production. Cold adaptation for preventing heat loss results in a reduction in the facial surface area with small eyes, nose and lips. The other population is the Southern lineage who is the descent of native in Korean peninsular. They have big eyes with double edged eyelids, broad nose and thick lips. It is generally believed that both genetic and environmetal factors influence eating behaviors. Although we can't recognized their heritage that may contribute to the metabolism and eating behavior, we commonly recognize their physiological heritage acceding to their facial features. In order to investigate the relationship among the size and shape of facial feature, the eating behavior, anthropometric measurement in female college students, the eating behaviors was measured during an instant-noodle lunch eaten in a laboratory setting at the ambient temperature of $23^{\circ}C$. The anterior surface area of left eye and length of right eye were positively correlated with the difference between the peak postprandial and the meal-start core temperature. The surface area of lower lip also negatively correlated with the meal-start core temperature and meal duration. In addition, the total lips' area was positively correlated with the difference between the peak postprandial and the meal-start core temperature and negatively correlated with the meal duration. However anthropometric measurements were not related with the size of facial features.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.67-75
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of quadriceps femoris flexibility exercise which would improve the degree of knee flexion range of motion, extension torque, and the activities of daily living (ADL) in elderly subjects with degenerative knee arthritis. Fourteen elderly patients (two men and twelve women) with degenerative knee arthritis participated and had a quadriceps femoris flexibility exercise intervention program in this study. The mean age of the patients was 70.00 years for men and 71.16 years for women. This study carried out the experimental study of one group pretest-posttest design, which evaluated the degree of knee flexion range of motion, extension torque, the ADL ability of the patients before and after applying the exercise intervention for five weeks. The results of this study are as follow: 1. The knee flexion ranges of motion of the patients were measured before and after the intervention and the ranges increased significantly both in the left and right knee flexion range of motion (p < 0.05). 2. The peak torque of the knee muscle, the peak torque/body weight, and average power of the patients showed significant increases in both in the left and right knee after applying the intervention (p < 0.05). 3. The intervention produced a significant reduction in pain of the patients (p < 0.05). Their functional activities of ADL improved significantly compared with before the intervention (p < 0.05). It has been shown that the quadriceps femoris flexibility exercise intervention program increased significantly the knee flexion range of motion, and extension torque, as well as an increase in performance of functional activities of ADL of the patients. Thus, the quadriceps femoris flexibility exercise should be considered as one of the therapeutic exercises for the elderly patients with degenerative knee arthritis applied.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.415-422
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• 2011

Previously, we reported that besides retinal ganglion cell (RGC) spike, there is ~10 Hz oscillatory rhythmic activity in local field potential (LFP) in retinal degeneration model, rd1 mice. The more recently identified rd10 mice have a later onset and slower rate of photoreceptor degeneration than the rd1 mice, providing more therapeutic potential. In this study, before adapting rd10 mice as a new animal model for our electrical stimulation study, we investigated electrical characteristics of rd10 mice. From the raw waveform of recording using $8{\times}8$ microelectrode array (MEA) from in vitro-whole mount retina, RGC spikes and LFP were isolated by using different filter setting. Fourier transform was performed for detection of frequency of bursting RGC spikes and oscillatory field potential (OFP). In rd1 mice, ~10 Hz rhythmic burst of spontaneous RGC spikes is always phase-locked with the OFP and this phase-locking property is preserved regardless of postnatal ages. However, in rd10 mice, there is a strong phase-locking tendency between the spectral peak of bursting RGC spikes (~5 Hz) and the first peak of OFP (~5 Hz) across different age groups. But this phase-locking property is not robust as in rd1 retina, but maintains for a few seconds. Since rd1 and rd10 retina show phase-locking property at different frequency (~10 Hz vs. ~5 Hz), we expect different response patterns to electrical stimulus between rd1 and rd10 retina. Therefore, to extract optimal stimulation parameters in rd10 retina, first we might define selection criteria for responding rd10 ganglion cells to electrical stimulus.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.6 no.4 s.22
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• pp.123-136
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• 2004

This study tries to compare the noise difference by various surface treatments and to propose appropriate tinning methods. As literature reviews, longitudinally tined pavement is effective to reduce noise made between tire and pavement surface. Various surface treatments were applied to some sections of test road. In case of car, about 2$\sim$3dB(A) was reduced in the section of uniform space 18mm longitudinal tinning. The peak frequency point for truck case happened between 200 and 600 Hz. The maximum noise of car was measured at about 1000Hz. Therefore, it Is proved that surface treatment methods can have a large affect on noise generation. With a result that friction test, the transverse tined pavement showed better frictional characteristics than the longitudinally tined pavement, but as a whole it came out satisfactory result. Results from this study are of early age, so it is required to check the performance continuously.