• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2018

As a part of general toxicity studies of Enterococcus Faecalis 2001 (EF 2001) prepared using heat-treatment bacillus mort body EF 2001 in mice, this study examined the toxicity of EF 2001 in single and repeated administrations following the previous report in order to apply this product to preventive medicine. The safety of oral ingestion of EF 2001 was examined in 6-week-old male and female ICR mice with 1,000 mg/kg, 3,000 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day administrated by gavage of the maximum acceptable dose of EF 2001. The study was conducted using distilled water as a control following the methods for general toxicity studies described in the "Guidelines for Non-clinical Studies of Pharmaceutical Products 2002". As a control, 1) observation of general conditions, 2) measurement of body weight, 3) determination of food consumption, 4) determination of water consumption, 5) blood test and urinalysis and 6) pathological examination were performed for the administration of EF 2001. Mice received EF 2001 for 13 weeks and results were compared with those of the control group that received distilled water. The results of the above examinations revealed no significant differences between control and EF 2001 groups for both males and females. Thus, no notable toxicity was confirmed with single and repeated oral administrations of EF 2001. Oral administration in the above doses did not result in abnormal symptoms or death during the observation period. No abnormalities in blood cell count or organ weights were seen. Without any evidence of toxicity to cells and organs, EF 2001 is speculated to not adversely affect living organisms. The 50% lethal dose of EF 2001 with oral administration in mice is estimated to be greater than 5,000 mg/kg body weight/day for both male and female mice. Therefore, $LD_{50}$ value for animals was 5,000 mg/kg or more.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.96-105
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• 1992

The studies were attempted to evaluated the therapeutic effects of various fractions(ether, methanol, butanol) of Caragana chamlagu roots on the hyperlipemia induced by feeding the diet containing 1%, cholesterol and 0.5%, cholic acid in rats, and on the hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin in rats. Also the preventive effects of these fractions were studies on the liver damage in $CCl_4-intoxicated$ rats. The followings were obtained as the results: 1.The butanol fraction was significantly shown to down the serum lipid level in 1%, cholesterol and 0.5%, cholic acid diet-feeding rats and streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. Cholesterol level in $CCl_4-intoxicated$ rats was reduced in the case of all pre-treated groups. 2.The serum glucose level of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats was significantly decreased by the administration of various fractions of C. chamlagu roots, and the lipid-peroxidation of pancreas was significantly decreased in the case of administration of these fractions. 3.The activates of s-GOT and s-GPT were decreased by the administration of various fractions, especially in butanol fraction, of C. chamlagu roots in the $CCl_4-intoxicated$ rats. The liver lipid-peroxidation was decreased by administration of 200mg/kg of these fractions in the $CCl_4-intoxicated$ rats. In histological observation, hepatic cellular necrosis and fatty acid deposit were increased remarkably by $CCl_4-intoxication$, but the pretreatment of various fractions of C. chamlagu roots improved the pathological change of parenchymatous cell necrosis and fatty change around centrilobular area of the control.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

Objectives : To evaluate the safety of KOB, a polyherbal medicine for allergic rhinitis, we conducted a subchronic toxicology study. Methods : Dried extract of KOB(Lot. No. 11003, yield : 41.1%) was prepared from GLP company (Hanpoong Pharm & Food Co., Ltd). KOB was repeatedly administrated orally of male SD rats at daily dose levels of 500 (G2), 1250 (G3) and 5000 (G4) mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. We recorded the clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, food intake/consumption, optometry, urine analysis, organ weights, hematology, and conducted serum biochemical analysis, necropsy, gross and histological changes in target organs of Sprague-Dawley rats, and clinical chemistry analysis. Results : Neither death nor any toxicological signs were obserbed in KOB at all doses of 500, 1250 and 5000 mg/kg/day during the administration period for thirteen-week. Furthermore, there was no difference in body weight and food-take consumption, optometry, necropsy, organ weight, gross pathological findings, and urine analysis among the groups of rats treated with different doses of KOB, during at the observation period for thirteen-week. The hematological analysis and clinical blood chemistry data were revealed no toxic effects from repeated-dose administration of KOB in rats during the observation period. Conclusions : Based on these results, the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of KOB was considered to be 5000 mg/kg/day for male rats under these study conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 2023

This study attempted to concider the morphological change of red blood cells after whole body irradiation. Blood samples used red blood cells of white mice and mouse after irradiation. Transmission electron microscope observation results, Anisocytosis was observed in red blood cells 20 days after 5 Gy irradiation. Triangle and tetrapod were observed for small red blood cell types. Poikilocytosis, sickle-shaped Drepanocyte, and Acantocyte were observed in general-sized red blood cells. Schizocyte was observed in red blood cells 20 days after 7 Gy irradiation. Scanning electron microscope observation results, Dacryocyte was observed with microcytes. It was also confirmed that red blood cells were get tangled with each other. In addition, polygonal shapes and half-moon shapes were also observed. In conclusion, it is judged that the modified form of pathological study is more important than the numerical change in the study of red blood cells by radiation exposure. In conclusion, it was confirmed that modified morphological studies are more important than numerical changes in the study of red blood cells by radiation exposure.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 1975

The authors believe that farm livestok will be greatly affected by the marked increasing use of organic phosphate. This study was carried out to observe the clinical signs and histopathological changes of mouse, guinea pig, hamster and rabbit that were orally administered with diazinon used usually as agricultural insecticide, and cholinesterase (ChE) activity was histochemically examined in the liver, heart, kidney, adrenal gland, duodenum and salivary gland of these experimental animals administered with diazinon. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Clinical signs such as dullness, severe salivation, ataxia, dyspnea, irregular slight convulsion and inappetance and as the histopathological changes cloudy swelling, congestion and hemorrhage of parenchymal organs, catarrh or local necrsois of the gastrointestinal tract, congestion or hemorrhage of the other organs were observed. Especially, hemorrhage of adrenal glands (rabbit, guinea pig) and pulmonary congestion and hemorrhage were necessarily constant. 2. In the histochemical study, ChE activity appeared intensely in the liver, heart, medulla of adrenal glands and salivary glands (submaxillary and parotid) of control animals, but ChE activity was negative or markedly decreased in experimental animals administered with diazinon. There was no marked difference between the control and experimental animals in ChE activity of the kidney. 3. Histochemical observation of ChE activity was helpful to explain the clinical signs and histopathological changes and was regarded as a diagnostic method for organic phosphate poisoning.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.351-360
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• 2008

These experiments were conducted to determine the effects of Gamdutang on the accumulation of cadmium in the body of groups of rats that received an 8-week administration of 1.7, 3.4 and $6.8{\mu}g$/g/day of cadmium, respectively, while the other groups of rats received an 8-week administration of a mixture of cadmium by concentration and Gamdutang. A comparative analysis of these groups was conducted in respect of weight, accumulated cadmium in blood and diverse organs and pathological findings from the kidneys. As for the cadmium accumulation in blood, livers, kidneys, and testis, with the lengthening of the experiment period, the cadmium and Gamdutang mixture-administered groups tended to have reduced accumulation levels compared with the groups exclusively administered cadmium. Histopathological observation of the kidneys, observed in the cadmium exclusively administered groups showed hemorrhagic necrosis in glomeruli, swelling of tubules, epithelial shedding and necrosis of tubules; however, only mild tissue lesions were observed in the cadmium and Gamdutang mixture-administered groups. Given the above results, Gamdutang is deemed to have the effects of reducing the accumulation of cadmium in blood, liver, and testis when low-concentration cadmium is administered to rats.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.43-51
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• 2010

Objectives : We investigated the repeated-dose toxicity of Wenpitang-Hab-Wulingsan(WHW), a Korean traditional medicine prescribed with twelve herbs, which has been used for the treatment of renal disease. Methods : WHW extract prepared by GLP company. WHW was supplemented by gavage at 0, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day for 13-week consecutive days. We recorded the clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, organ weights, hematology, gross and histological changes in target organs rats and clinical chemistry analysis for all rats. Results : WHW extract at all doses was shown no mortality or abnormal clinical signs in rats during at the observation period. Furthermore, there was no difference in body weight and food-take consumption, organ weight, gross pathological findings, and urine analysis among the groups of rats treated with different doses of WHW extract. The hematological analysis and clinical blood chemistry data were revealed no toxic effects from WHW-treated rats. Conclusions : The results suggest that WHW extract in rats is a wide margin of safety on a acute toxicity.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.101-119
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• 2014

Objectives : In Dong-uibogam, Heo Jun used the concept of 'Physical symptom(形證)' that had not used frequently in practical description of pathological condition. Especially, He used the terminology, 'Physical symptom(形證)' as a title in the Han(寒) Chapter that described Sanghan(傷寒). Methods : It has been done to analyse verses that include the concept of 'Physical symptom(形證)' in Dong-uibogam. And, to find the context including the terminology diachronically. Results : Diachronically, 'physical symptom' and 'pulse sign' had been considered as bilateral factors of disease, and Heo jun cognized the concept of 'Physical symptom' in these means in Dong-uibogam. Conclusions : Introducing the concept of 'Physical symptom' is an important decision of Heo Jun, it can express the purpose of an observation to objective symptoms.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.367-380
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• 2018

Stems and pods of hyacinth bean cultivated in a farmer's field in Gazipur District, Bangladesh, were found rotted in nearly 5% hyacinth bean plants. A fungus having fluffy mycelium and large sclerotia was isolated from affected tissues. Combined results of morphological, molecular and pathological analyses identified the fungus as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary. Inoculating the fungus on healthy hyacinth bean plants and pods reproduced the symptoms previously observed in the field. The three isolates obtained from naturally infected plants were cross inoculated in hyacinth bean, okra and African-American marigold and they were pathogenic to these hosts. The optimum temperature and pH for its growth were $20^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0, respectively. Sclerotial development was favored at pH 5.0. Sucrose and mannitol were the best carbon sources to support hyphal growth, while glucose was the most favourable for sclerotial development. The hyacinth bean genotypes, HB-82 (Rupban Sheem) and HB-102 were found highly resistant, while HB-94 (Ashina) was moderate resistant to the fungus. Finally, S. sclerotiorum was sensitive to Bavistin, Dithane M-45 and Rovral fungicides and Ca in the form of $CaCl_2$. This observation could possibly aid in eliminating field loss in hyacinth bean caused by an emerging pathogenic fungus S. sclerotiorum.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 2007

Acute toxicity of BDR-29, a combined preparation of Cassia Semen, Prunellae Spica, Tribuli Fructus, and Uncariae Rhamulus et Uncus was examined using male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were treated with the BDR-29 intra-gastrically at 0 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg or 2,000 mg/kg and observed for two weeks. At the doses used no mortality or abnormal clinical signs in animals were shown during at the observation period. Also there was no difference in net body weight gain, gross pathological findings, and urine analysis at the terminal sacrifice among the groups rats treated with different doses of the test substance. The results suggested that acute oral toxicity of BDR-29 in rats is very low at the conditions employed in this study.