• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate microbiological contamination levels in the manufacturing company of ginseng products (white and red ginseng). Firstly, the contamination level for ginseng and each stage ginseng were 1.8~4.9 log CFU/g (total bacteria), 1.2~3.0 log CFU/g (coliform), 0.8~4.1 log CFU/g (fungi). However, only Bacillus cereus among pathogenic bacteria was detected from a few sample. The contamination of total bacteria tended to decrease as ginseng was being processing. Therefore, that of finished products (white and red ginseng) showed the lowest contamination level among each stage ginseng sample. That of fungi decreased steadily, although the contamination of fungi has tended to increase right after ginseng was steamed. Secondly, the contamination level for working tools and facilities were $1.7{\sim}4.7log\;CFU/cm^2$ (total bacteria), $0.4{\sim}4.0log\;CFU/cm^2$ (coliform), $0.9{\sim}4.2log\;CFU/cm^2$ (fungi). Especially, washing and peeling machines were higher contamination level. Finally, the contamination level of worker who washed and steamed ginseng was higher than worker who shaped, sorted and stored ginseng. Also, Staphylococus aureus was detected at 0.2~0.7 log CFU/hand on some wokers' hands. These results showed proper heating condition (temperature and time) and tidy manufacturing facility are the most important to avoid developing any microbiological problem of Ginseng Products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.349-353
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of Fumagari OPP$^{(R)}$, fumigation disinfectant, containing 20% ortho-phenylphenol against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In this research, efficacy test of fumigant against S. aureus was carried out according to French standard NF T 72-281. S. aureus working culture suspension number (N value), all of the colony numbers on the carriers exposed with the fumigant (n1, n2, and n3), the number of bacterial test suspentions by pour plate method (N1), the number of bacterial test suspentions by filter membrane method (N2) and the mean number of bacteria recovered on the control-carriers (T value) were obtained from the preliminary test. In addition, the reduction number of S. aureus exposed with the fumigant (d value) was calculated using T value, the mean number of bacteria in recovery solution (n'1) and the mean number of bacteria on carriers plated in agar (n'2). N value was $4.0{\times}10^8$ CFU/mL, and n1, n2, and n3 were higher than 0.5N1, 0.5N2 and 0.5N1, respectively. Additionally, T value was $3.4{\times}10^6$ CFU/mL. In the bactericidal effect of the fumigant, the d value was 6.43 logCFU/mL. According to the French standard for the fumigant, the d value for the effective bactericidal fumigant should be over than 5 logCFU/mL. The results indicated that Fumagari OPP$^{(R)}$ had an effective bactericidal activity against S. aureus, then the fumigant can be applied to disinfect food materials and kitchen appliances contaminated with pathogenic bacteria.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.103-111
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• 2012

This study was carried out to examine foodborne pathogenic contamination from 1,080 samples of cooked hams and sausages at 10 Korean processing facilities in 2010. The samples were collected from the six primary and additional sterilization products in same lot. To detect Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium perfringens in those products (n=1,080), the domestic standard method for Processing and Ingredients Specification of Livestock Products was used. As a result, Salmonella spp. was not detected in all 636 ham and 444 sausage samples. However, L. monocytogenes was detected in four (0.6%) ham and eight (1.8%) sausage samples from five manufactures. S. aureus was also only detected in 4 (0.6%) ham samples from two manufacturers, and C. perfringens was detected in 3 (0.5%) ham samples from three manufacturers, the contamination levels of these pathogens were less than 100 CFU/g. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the additional sterilization step of processing manufacturers could not assist to control the foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to develop fertilizer which promotes plant growth as well as suppressing pathogenic fungi. The fertilizer was made from the mixture of Ju-Back (Korean rice wine cake) and indigenous rhizosphere-bacterium. The main ingredients of Ju-Back were investigated as 6.04% total nitrogen, 42.59% total carbohydrate, 1.01% available phosphate, 73.42% organic matter, 7.72% potassium oxide, 1.35% calcium oxide, 0.53% magnesium oxide. The enzyme activities of Ju-Back were estimated to be 980 units/g for ${\alpha}-amylase$, 300 units/g for glucoamylase, and 1800 units/g for acid pretense. Indigenous rhizosphere bacteria which produced antifungal agent were isolated from soil, and was selected KMU-13 strain which can antagonize against various plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea KACC 40573, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum KACC 41065, Fusairum oxysporum KACC 40052, Pythium aphanidermatum KACC 40156, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40476 and Glomerella cingulata KACC 40299). KMU-13 strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis KMU-13 by biochemical and 16s rDNA analysis. The organic fertilizer was made as prototype which was composed 20% Ju-Back, 70% carrier, 9.7% microorganism cultivated solution, 0.3% trace-element. We also investigated an application of fertilizer using Ju-Back for cultivating lettuce (Lactuca sativar) which were grown in three soil conditions that had chemical fertilizer, barnyard manure, lime power, urea, potassium chloride and superphosphate as a control, the whole quantity (80 kg/10a) of posted fertilizer with the control and the half quantity (40 kg/10a) with the control. The growth characteristics were examined and analysed with several weeks interval from 3 weeks to 8 weeks on head length (cm), head width (cm/head), number of leaf and fresh weight (g/plant). The results are summarized as follows. The head width and fresh weight of lettuce were the highest at posted fertilizer 1 (whole quantity) was applied chemical, organic matter (Ju-Back) and carrier. The head length was the highest at posted fertilizer 2 (whole quantity) was applied Ju-Back only.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.937-943
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• 2021

In this study, antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains and antioxidant activity were measured using the red pine leaf distilled concentrate. The results of the antibacterial activity measured using an emulsion of the red pine leaf distilled concentrate by the paper disc method showed the antibacterial activities against three Gram negative pathogenic strains, E. coli, S. typhi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and exhibited growth inhibitions of 12 mm, 10 mm and 9 mm at a 5.0% (v/v) concentration, respectively. In addition, all three strains also showed growth inhibitions even at 0.5% (v/v) concentration. However, no antibacterial activity was exhibited against gram positive bacteria. The results of the antibacterial activity using the red pine leaf distilled concentrate measured by the turbidity method, the same antibacterial activities against three gram negative pathogenic strains, E. coli, S. typhi and V. parahaemolyticus as results of the paper disc method. V. parahaemolyticus showed more than 50% growth inhibition compared to the negative control at a concentration of 5% (v/v), E. coli exhibited 33.5% growth inhibition at 4 hr incubation, and S. typhi showed 65.1% and 44.6% growth inhibitions at 4 and 5 hr incubations, respectively. Antioxidant activities of an emulsion of the red pine leaf distilled concentrate were measured by DPPH and ABTS methods. DPPH method showed the highest activity of 55.81% at a 1.0% (v/v) concentration. ABTS method exhibited the highest activity of 18.44% at a 1.0% (v/v) concentration. Through this study, it is expected that the developments of the food and the cosmetics with enhanced functionality by utilizing the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the red pine leaf distilled concentrate.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2021

The consumption of fresh-cut agricultural materials is increasing due to increased public interest in health and the increase of single-person households. Most fresh-cut agricultural materials can be eaten without heating, thus easily exposing the consumer to food-borne pathogens. As a result, food-borne diseases are increasing worldwide. In the analysis of food-borne pathogens, it is important to detect the strains, but this is time consuming and laborious. Alternative detection methods that have been introduced, include polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), which is performed without prior culturing. Samples of fresh-cut agricultural materials, such as vegetables, were analyzed by the culture-based method. In 129 samples, non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (3.9%), Bacillus cereus (31.8%), Clostridium perfringens (5.4%), Yersinia enterocolitica (0.8%), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (0.8%) were detected. Eight samples contaminated with bacteria were randomly selected, further analyzed by PCR-DGGE, and compared with the culture-based method. Two cases detected non-pathogenic E. coli by PCR-DGGE only, despite a lack of detection by the culture method. It was supposed there was possibility of sample loss during its 10-fold dilution for appropriate cultivation. In the detection of high-risk food-borne pathogens, it was found that the detection limit was lower in PCR-DGGE than in the culture-based method (10 CFU/g). This suggests that PCR-DGGE can be alternatively used to detect strains. On the other hand, low-risk food-borne pathogens seem to have higher detection limits in PCR-DGGE. Consequentially, this study contributes to the improvement of food-borne pathogen detection and the prevention of its related-diseases in fresh-cut agricultural materials.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.121-140
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• 1999

The various oriental herbal medicines, which have usually been used for treatment of reducing fever, purging intense heat and detoxication, were screened to determine the antibacterial activity and the minimal inhibitory concentration against pulmonary disease-causing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Among the 23 oriental medicines tested, the water-soluble extracts of Coptis japonica, Scutellaria baicalensis and Picrorrhiza kurrooa showed the antibacterial activity against K.pneumoniae and that of C. japonica against S. pyogenes. The antibacterial activities of C. japonica, Prunusmume, Schizandra chinesis, Scutellaria baicalensis were also found against S.pneumoniae. When C.japonica was used, the high antibacterial activity was shown against Bacillus subtilis and other extracts showed a little activity against B. subtilis and E. coli as a control. 2. The ethanol-soluble extracts of Patrinia scabriosaefolia, P. mume, S. baicalensis, S. chinesis showed the antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae and those of S. baicalensis, C. japonica, S. chinesis, P. mume agaist S. pyogenes and S. pnuemoniae. However, those extract showed a little antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and E. coli except for that the extract of C. japonica showed comparatively high growth inhibition of B. subtilis. 3. Among the medicinal herbs tested, the water and ethanol extrats of C. japonica showed very extcellent antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria and controls. 4. When the water-soluble extracts of C. japonica and S. baicalensis, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against K. pneumoniae were $10mg/m{\ell}$ and $22 mg/m{\ell}$, respectively. The MICs of the ethanol-soluble extracts of P. mume and P. scabriosaefolia were $5mg/m{\ell}$ and $20mg/m{\ell}$, respectively. 5. For the MICs against S.pyogenes, C. japonica showed $15mg/m{\ell}$ with the water-soluble extract and P. mume and C. japonica with the ethanol-souble extract did $5mg/m{\ell}$ and $10mg/m{\ell}$, respectively. 6. For the MICs against S. pneumoniae, C. japonica and P. mume with the water- and ethanol-souble extract showed $5mg/m{\ell}$ and $10mg/m{\ell}$, respectively. As a result, the highest antibacterial activity was found in the water- and ethanol-soluble extracts of C. japonica against pulmonary disease-causing bacteria, K. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes. and S. pnuemoniae. Also, the water- and ethanol-soluble extracts of S.chinesis. P.mume, S.baicalensis, and P.kurrooa showed hight antibacterial activities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.1259-1268
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated antimicrobial peptide from the acidified muscle extract of Mytilus coruscus, which mostly inhabits China, Japan, and Korea, to develop a natural product-derived antibiotics substitution in terms of its abuse and restriction. Antimicrobial peptide was purified by $C_{18}$ reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and was detected as having a molecular mass of 6,701 Da by MALDI-TOF/MS. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified peak was obtained from edman degradation, and 20 identified residues shown 100% identity with the N-terminus region of sperm-specific protein and protamine-like PL-II/PL-IV precursor of Mytilus californianus. We also identified 60 open-reading frame (ORF) encoding amino acids with 183 bp of purified peptide based on the obtained amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of ORF showed 100% and the nucleotide sequence revealed 97.2% identity with the protamine-like PL-II/PL-IV precursor of Mytilus californianus. Synthesized antimicrobial peptide showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus cereus (minimal effective concentration [MEC], $20.8{\mu}g/ml$), Bacillus subtilis (MEC, $0.2{\mu}g/ml$), Streptococcus mutans (MEC, $0.2{\mu}g/ml$), gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MEC, $5.7{\mu}g/ml$), Escherichia coli (MEC, $2.6{\mu}g/ml$) and fungi, Candida albicans (MEC, $56.3{\mu}g/ml$). In addition, synthesized peptide showed stable activities under heat and salt conditions against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but was inhibited by salt against only C. albicans. With these results, isolated peptide from M. coruscus could be an alternative agent to antibiotics for defending against pathogenic microorganisms, and helpful information to understand the innate immune system of marine invertebrates.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.366-369
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• 2011

In this study, the contamination levels of total aerobic bacteria, E. coli, total coliform and S. aureus of seasoned dried fishes (SDF) in Korea were investigated. A total of 81 SDF samples were purchased randomly from 28 stores. Contamination range of total aerobic bacteria, total coliform and S. aureus were 150~1,700,000, 10~31,000 and 10~220 CFU/g, respectively. E. coli was detected in only one samples in the qualitative test. We have analyzed quantitatively Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE-type A, C and D) produced by S. aureus contaminated in SDF using a TECRA kit and standard curve. The curve equation was Y = 0.1499 * X + 0.1183 and maximum amount of SEs in SDF was 0.71 ng/ml. Reduction speed of S. aureus in SDF stored at $37^{\circ}C$ was the highest among the samples stored for 8 days at different temperature of 7, 18 and $37^{\circ}C$. On the basis of the results, SDF in Korea can be contaminated by a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, precautionary measures are necessary for consumer protection, including the improvement of sanitary conditions in the processing plants in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 1999

Infection rates of oyster ovarian parasite, Marteiliodes chungmuensis and productivity of the oyster shellstock infected with the parasite were investigated at the main seed collection areas in the southern coast of Korea where the extreme bad seed collection of oyster occurred in 1992 and 1993 to evaluate the cause of the bad seed collection. Additionally, the bacterial flora of the sea water and oyster lana were examined to identify the shellfish larva pathogenic bacteria like Vibrio sp. and Pseueomonas sp. In August 1992 to September 1993, infection rate of oyster ovarian parasite, M. chungmuensis at Tongyong, Kyongsangnam province, and Yosu, Chollanam province where the bad seed collection occurred, were $11.8\~100\%$ and $14.3\~100\%$, respectively. But the parasite was not detected in the shellstock collected at Daechon, Chungchongnam province. While a virus-like particle was identified in the cytoplasm of the egg infected by the parasite. The parasite infected egg was not able to fertilize completely. Uninfected egg in the gonad contaminated by the parasite could be able to fertilize but showed an abnormal development till D-shaped larva and then, died of necrosis after D-shaped lana. And some lana developed from low lipid content egg could not develop to the spat and died after the early umbo stage. The predominant bacteria in the oyster lana collected at bad seed collection areas were Pseudomonas sp. and Pseudomonas like bacteria and the occupancy rates were $53.3\~87.1\%$.