• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.193-200
• /
• 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the level of exposure to volatile organic compounds for different kinds of households in apartments or houses and analyze the relation between atopy-related symptoms and concentration of volatile organic compounds in order to improve indoor air quality and start to build a process to prevent environmental diseases. Method: From July 2010 to November 2010, TVOC concentration levels were measured and analyzed in 402 general households and 236 weak households, totalling 638 households. Residents were asked to fill out a survey on environmental disease. All resources were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. Result: In comparing the differences in concentration levels of volatile organic compounds for different types of households, including existing apartments and houses, the type of housing did not affect the concentration level of volatile organic compounds, but the relevance with skin trouble, diagnosed atopy, and atopy systems all had statistical similarities. Moreover, above-limit volatile organic compounds showed statistical relevance with amount of ventilation, time of construction, skin trouble, diagnosed atopy and atopy symptoms. Conclusion: The study concludes that as the time of construction recedes further into the past and as the amount of ventilation is higher, the exposure level to volatile organic compounds was lower and the group that were suffering from atopy symptoms had higher exposure to volatile organic compounds.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제59권5호
• /
• pp.218-225
• /
• 2016

Purpose: The recent increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases is hypothetically attributed to immune dysregulation in turn caused by a reduction in exposure to sunlight. We explored relationships between birth season, sunlight exposure, exercise duration, and an allergic disease. Methods: We performed a questionnaire-based survey on allergic diseases among elementary school students. Birth time was categorized according to the season (summer and winter). Results: The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) "symptoms ever" was higher in the children born in winter than in those born in summer (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.49; P=0.024). Birth in winter was associated with an increase in the "symptoms in the past 12 months" prevalence of food allergy (FA) (aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09-2.24; P=0.015). The lifetime prevalence of allergic diseases except FA was higher in the children whose parents considered their sunlight exposure prior to 24 months of ageas inadequate than those who considered their exposure as adequate ("diagnosis ever" asthma: aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.17-1.67; P<0.001; allergic rhinitis [AR]: aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.17-1.67; P<0.001; AD: aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.06-1.51; P=0.01). Neither recent sunlight exposure nor exercise duration was associated with the prevalence of an allergic disease. Conclusion: Birth in winter may be associated with development of AD and FA. Inadequate sunlight exposure before the age of 24 months might possibly increase the risks of development of asthma, AR, and AD.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 2014

Background: Health care professionals (HCPs) are at high risk of contracting blood-borne infections due to their occupational exposure to blood and body fluids (BBFs). The incidence of these infections among HCPs are higher in low income countries such as Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to investigate the extent of occupational exposure to BBFs and its associated factors among HCPs in Bahir Dar town, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used from October 1, 2012 to October 30, 2012. Three hundred and seventeen HCPs were included in the study using a simple random sampling technique. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the factors related to exposure to BBFs. Results: Two hundred and nine (65.9%) HCPs were exposed to BBFs in the past year, of which 29.0% were needlestick injuries. Work experience [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.56-10.91], inconsistent use of gloves (AOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.04-3.43), and not complying with standard precautions (AOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.00-3.22) were the factors associated with occupational exposure to BBFs. Conclusion: A high proportion of HCPs was exposed to BBFs in this study. Occupational exposure to BBFs was determined by the use of gloves and not complying with standard precautions. Ensuring the availability of gloves, training about standard precautions, and motivation of HCPs to implement standard precautions should be emphasized to avoid such exposures.

• Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society
• /
• 제20권6호
• /
• pp.2841-2852
• /
• 2018

이 논문에서는 광고분야 매체기획에서 필요한 노출분포 추정과 관련하여 영과잉 분포를 이용한 회귀모형 방법에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 노출분포란 광고를 반복하여 게재할 때마다 노출되는 청중들의 비율을 나타낸 것이다. 이와 같은 노출분포는 광고효과를 수량적으로 측정하기 위한 각종 지표들을 산출하는데 필요한 기초 정보를 제공한다는 점에서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 특히 최근 다양한 매체의 확산으로 인한 광고 단가의 인하로 인하여 과거에 비해 특정 광고의 게재 혹은 방영빈도는 크게 늘어난 상태이나 노출빈도는 상대적으로 줄어들고 있는 상황이다. 이러한 상황에서 해당 매체를 접하지 않는, 즉 구조적으로 광고에 노출되지 않는 개인들이 늘어가고 있다. 이제까지 광고의 노출분포 추정을 위해 사용해 왔던 베타이항분포 등은 이러한 상황에 적합하지 않을 수 있는데, 본 연구에서는 영과잉 회귀모형을 이용한 광고노출분포모형을 제안하고, 실제 사례를 통한 비교연구를 수행하였다.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.74-95
• /
• 2021

Background: A job-exposure matrix (JEM) is an important surrogate indicator to evaluate past exposure levels. Although a Korean asbestos JEM has been constructed previously, this JEM includes only a few industrial and occupational groups. This study aimed to reconstruct the JEM by integrating the latest organized data to improve its utility. Methods: We used recent Korean standard industry and occupation codes and extracted 36 articles from a systematic literature review to initiate the reconstruction of the previous Korean asbestos JEM. The resulting data consisted of 141 combinations of industrial and occupational groups. Data from the Netherlands's JEM were also reviewed and categorized into 70 industrial and 117 occupational groups by matching with the Korean data. We also utilized Germany's data, which consisted of 10 industrial and 14 occupational groups. Results: The reconstructed Korean asbestos JEM had 141 combinations of industries and occupations. The time periods are from the 1980s to the 2000s in 10-year intervals. Most of the data were distributed between the 1990s and the 2000s. Occupations with high exposure to asbestos included knitting and weaving machine operators, automobile mechanics or assemblers, ship mechanics or assemblers, mineral ore and stone products processing mechanics, and metal casting machine operators or mold makers. Conclusions: The reconstructed Korean asbestos JEM has expanded the type and duration of the occupational groups of the previous JEM and can serve as an important reference tool for evaluating asbestos exposure and designing compensation and prevention policies in Korea.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제46권3호
• /
• pp.335-343
• /
• 2020

Objectives: The Korean Ministry of Environment has identified cases of people suspected of suffering lung disease potentially caused by polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) used in humidifier disinfectants (HDs). Exposure assessment for the HDs was conducted using a questionnaire during face-to-face interview. The main purposes of this study were to develop a methodology to effectively classify levels of exposure to HDs based on a questionnaire. Methods: We first identified the overall participants' exposure characteristics by HD exposure levels; Second, we selected misclassified subjects and investigated characteristics of overestimated and underestimated subjects, focusing on exposure cases to PHMG-containing HDs. An inhalation reference concentration (RfC) for PHMG was produced on the basis of inhalation toxicity values. We made a cross-tabulation of the exposure classes (Exposure classes 1-to-4) by clinical classes based on the RfC. When the value of the exposure class minus the clinical class was 0 or 1, we assumed these were true values. When the value was ≥2 and ≤ -2, we assigned these cases to the overestimation group and underestimation group, respectively. Results: The overestimated group may have already recovered and responded excessively due to psychological anxiety or in order to receive compensation. On the other hand, relatively high mortality rates and surrogate responses for those under 10 years of age may have resulted in inaccurate exposure assessment for underestimated groups. For the characteristics of exposure, it was shown that for the underestimated group, the exposure was relatively weaker than the overestimated group, even though a high overall clinical rating was determined. Conclusions: This study may suggest ways to reduce bias and overcome the limitations of current HD exposure assessment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제17권sup1호
• /
• pp.43-47
• /
• 2016

Second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure at home, especially among children, is a serious issue in Viet Nam. During the past decade, much effort has been taken for tobacco control in the country, including various prgorammes aiming to reduce SHS exposure among adults and children. This article analysed trends and factors associated with SHS exposure at home among school children aged 13-15 in Viet Nam, using the Global Youth Tobacco Surveys conducted in 2007 and 2014. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods with logistic regression were applied. Overall, there was a significant reduction in the level of exposure, from 58.5% (95%CI: 57.6-59.3) in 2007 to 47.1% (95%CI: 45.4-48.8) in 2014. Of the associated factors, having one or both parents smoking was significantly associated with the highest odds of SHS exposure at home (OR=5.0; 95%CI: 4.2-6.1). Conversely, having a mother with a college or higher education level was found to be a protective factor (OR=0.5; 95%CI: 0.3-0.8).

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제8권8호
• /
• pp.111-118
• /
• 2008

현대 사회는 TV, 잡지, 신문, 인터넷 등 다양한 매체를 통해 이미지를 접할 수 있으며, 이렇게 접하는 이미지들은 의식적으로 또는 무의식적으로 사람들의 삶과 인식에 결정적인 영향을 미친다. 과거의 이미지 생산 매체들은 장면을 물리적으로 동일하게 재현하는데 주된 목적이 있었던 반면, 최근에는 인지적 선호도에 의한 재현이 중요하게 인정받고 있으며, 사진의 선호도는 TV, 잡지, 신문, 인터넷 등 주변에서 접하는 시각적 콘텐츠의 영향을 받는다. 최근 이미지를 생산하는 재현 매체로서 가장 중요하게 사용되고 있는 장비를 디지털 카메라이다. 디지털 카메라의 이미지를 형성하는 핵심은 ‘빛’인데, 빛의 양, 즉 노출의 조절을 통해 이미지를 형성하게 된다. 현재 디지털 카메라는 물리적으로 정확한 재현을 목표로 노출을 조절하도록 설정되어 있는데, 물리적으로 정확한 조절이 반드시 인지적으로 선호도가 높은 조절은 아니다. 따라서 물리적으로 정확한 노출 설정이 아니라 인지적으로 정확한 노출 설정을 찾기 위한 실험을 진행하였다. 특히 인지적으로 색상과 농도 변화에 가장 예민한 피부톤을 기준으로 실험을 진행하였으며, 성별에 따라 노출 선호도가 다를 수 있으므로 남성과 여성 모델을 각각 촬영하여 자극에 사용하였다.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.130-139
• /
• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tire manufacturing work environments extensively and to identify workers' exposure to hazardous substances in various work processes. Methods: Personal air sampling was conducted to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon disulfide, 1,3-butadiene, styrene, methyl isobutyl ketone, methylcyclohexane, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, and rubber fume in tire manufacturing plants using the National Institute for Occupational Safety Health Manual of Analytical Methods. Noise, carbon monoxide, and heat stress exposure were evaluated using direct reading instruments. Past concentrations of rubber fume were assessed using regression analysis of total particulate data from 2003 to 2007, after identifying the correlation between the concentration of total particulate and rubber fume. Results: Workers were exposed to rubber fume that exceeded 0.6 mg/$m^3$, the maximum exposure limit of the UK, in curing and production management processes. Forty-seven percent of workers were exposed to noise levels exceeding 85 dBA. Workers in the production management process were exposed to $28.1^{\circ}C$ (wet bulb globe temperature value, WBGT value) even when the outdoor atmosphere was $2.7^{\circ}C$ (WBGT value). Exposures to other substances were below the limit of detection or under a tenth of the threshold limit values given by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Conclusion: To better classify exposure groups and to improve work environments, examining closely at rubber fume components and temperature as risk indicators in tire manufacturing is recommended.

• 정신신체의학
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.245-253
• /
• 1996

In spite of its prominent effects on reduction of panic attacks and preveniton of relapse, cognitive-behavioral therapy(CBT) for panic disorder is seldomly utilized and studied in this country. for the past year, authors have modified CBT program for panic disorder that was based on PCT(panic control program) designed by Dr. Barlow and Dr. Craske. Our program is composed of informational component, somatic management skills, cognitive restructuring, interoceptive exposure and in vivo exposure. One patient has significantly improved by this program and satisfied with the treatment result. The aim of this article is to present our experience of treating a panic patient with CBT.