• 제목/요약/키워드: Passive structure

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건설현장 산성배수의 발생현황 및 피해저감대책 (Acid Drainage and Damage Reduction Strategy in Construction Site: An Introduction)

  • 김재곤
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제40권5호
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    • pp.651-660
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    • 2007
  • 산성광산배수는 휴폐광산 광해의 주요한 문제로 널리 인식되어 왔으며 최근 황화광물을 많이 함유한 지역의 지반굴착 건설현장에서 산성배수의 발생과 이로 인한 환경오염과 구조물의 안정성 저해가 건설 분야의 현안문제로 대두되고 있다. 지구과학분야에서 간과하고 있는 건설현장에서 발생된 산성배수에 의한 피해 사례를 소개하고 향후 피해 저감대책기술 개발과정에서 지구과학분야 역할의 중요성을 피력하고자 한다. 우리나라에서 산성배수를 발생시킬 개연성이 높은 대표적인 암석은 옥천층군 변성퇴적암, 평안층군 함탄층, 중생대 화산암, 제3기 퇴적암 및 화산암이며 우리나라 표면적의 약 20%정도를 차지할 것으로 추정된다. 최근 건설현장에서는 산성배수에 대한 적절한 대책이 수립되지 않고 대규모 절토와 터널굴착이 빈번히 이루어지고 있으며 향후 산성배수에 의한 피해는 지속적으로 발생될 것으로 판단된다. 건설현장의 산성배수는 토양, 지표수와 지하수의 산성화 및 중금속 오염, 식생고사, 경관훼손, 사면안정성 저해, 구조물 부식, 콘크리트 및 아스콘 노후화 촉진 등이다. 암석의 산성배수 발생개연성평가는 static test와 kinetic test 방법이 있으며, 암석의 산성배수 발생능력과 중화능력을 측정하여 암석의 산성배수 발생개연성을 간접적으로 추정하는 acid base accounting test가 가장 널리 활용되고 있다. 산성배수에 대한 피해저감대책은 산성배수의 처리와 발생억제로 구분된다. 산성배수 처리방법은 중화제 투입 등의 적극적 처리와 자연적인 물리 화학 생물학적 과정을 이용한 소극적 처리로 구분된다. 산성배수의 발생억제는 산화제의 제거와 생성억제, 산화제와 황화광물의 접촉차단으로 구분된다.도시되며 지역에 따라 위도효과를 보인다. 황산염에 대한 황동위원소 대부분 화성기원을 보인다. 그러나 JR1 온천은 고염수에서 기원한 것으로 보이는 해양성기원을 보인다. 온천수의 $^3He/^4He$ 비와 $^4He/^{20}Ne$ 비는 $0.0143{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}0.407{\times}10^{-6}$ 범위와 $6.49{\sim}584{\times}10^{-6}$ 범위를 각각 보여주어 대기와 지각성분의 혼합선상에 도시된다. 이는 온천수내 헬륨가스의 대부분이 지각기원임을 의미한다. 죽림온천(JR1)의 경우 맨틀기원의 헬륨가스의 혼합율이 다른 온천에 비해 다소 높은 비율을 보여준다. 이들 동위원소비와 온천수의 pH와는 대체적으로 정의 상관관계가 확인되었다. 아울러 $^{40}Ar/^{36}Ar$비가 $292.3{\times}10^{-6}{\sim}304.1{\times}10^{-6}$ 범위로 대기기원임을 지시한다. Gram 양성, Gram 음성 균주는 Escherichia coli KCCM 11591를 제외하고는 0.8 - 0.95 cm로 항균력이 강했으며, Gram negitive의 Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 1750 에서는 43% 발효주에는 0.95 cm, 45% 고은 발효주에는 0.95 cm의 항균성을 나타냈으며 관능평가에서도 가장 높게 났다. 관능평가에서는 45% 고온 발효주가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 항산화성 실험에 나타난 저온 45%의 갈색도의 측정과는 항산화성에서는 좀 다른 결과를 나타낸다. 그러나 항균성이 가장

영남육괴 지리산지구에서 하동 남부 회장암복합체와 그 주변지역의 변형단계별 구조적 특성 (Deformational Phased Structural Characteristics of the Hadong Southern Anorthosite Complex and its Surrounding Area in the Jirisan Province, Yeongnam Massif, Korea)

  • 이덕선;강지훈
    • 암석학회지
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    • 제22권2호
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    • pp.179-195
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    • 2013
  • 영남육괴 지리산지구의 남동부에 위치하는 연구지역은 선캠브리아기 지리산 변성암복합체(이하, 변성암체)와 덕천강 이남의 하동 남부 회장암복합체(이하, 회장암체) 그리고 이들을 부정합으로 피복하는 백악기 퇴적암류 등으로 구성되어 있으며, 선캠브리아기 구성암류의 암상분포는 주로 남북 방향성을 보이고, 부분적으로 북동 방향성을 보인다. 본 논문은 하동 남부 회장암체와 주변부의 지리산 변성암체에 발달하는 변형된 암석구조에 대한 운동학적 기하학적 특성과 중첩된 변형구조들의 선후관계로부터 변형단계별 구조적 특성을 연구하였다. 연구지역의 지체구조는 적어도 세 번의 연성 변형단계를 거쳐 형성되었다. 첫 번째($D_1$) 변형은 상부가 남동쪽으로 이동하는 대규모 연성전단작용에 의해 지리산 변성암체와 하동 남부 회장암체에 북동 방향의 광역적인 지체구조와 칼집 내지 "A"형 습곡을 형성시켰다. 두 번째($D_2$) 변형은 동서 방향의 압축 지구조환경 하에서 $D_1$ 변형과 같이 광역적으로 발생하여 능동 및 수동적 습곡작용에 의해 그 이전에 형성된 북동 방향의 광역적인 $D_1$ 지체구조의 방향성을 대부분 남북 방향으로 재배열시켰으며, 압쇄암화작용을 통해 하동 남부 회장암체와 지리산 변성암체의 동쪽 경계부를 따라 적어도 2.3~1.4 km 이상의 폭을 갖는 연장성이 우수한 남북 방향의 연성전단대(하동전단대)를 형성시켰다. 세 번째($D_3$) 변형은 남북 방향의 압축 지구조환경 하에서 발생하여 그 이전 형성된 구조요소들의 방향성을 국부적으로 동북동 내지 서북서 방향으로 재배열시켰다. 이는 선캠브리아기 구성암류의 부분적인 북동 방향의 암상분포와 광역적인 남북 방향의 암상분포는 각각 $D_1$$D_2$ 변형과 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 덕천강 이북의 하동 북부 회장암체의 동부를 따라 발달하는 남북 방향의 하동전단대는 하동 남부 회장암체에서도 연장성 있게 발달함을 의미한다.

Video UGC 제작 동기와 행위 과정에 관한 이해: 구현의도이론 (Theory of Implementation Intentions)의 적용을 중심으로 (Understanding User Motivations and Behavioral Process in Creating Video UGC: Focus on Theory of Implementation Intentions)

  • 김형진;송세민;이호근
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.125-148
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    • 2009
  • UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.