• PNF and Movement
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.135-143
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) relaxation technique (hold relax; HR, contract relax; CR) and static stretch (SS) on hamstring flexibility and vertical jump performance in healthy adults over a four-week period. Methods: Twenty-four healthy adults volunteered to participate in PNF and static stretch sessions. The subjects were divided into three groups as follows: 8 subjects in the SS group, 8 subjects in the HR group, and 8 subjects in the CR group. In the HR and CR groups, contractions lasted 15 seconds per trial and consisted of 5 sets of 15 seconds of hamstring contraction immediately followed by 15 seconds of passive static hamstring stretching. For the static group, the participants were asked to stretch by hanging a leg over a table for 30 seconds. Subjects in all groups performed the exercises three days per week for 4 weeks. The active straight leg raising (ASLR) test, active knee extension (AKE) test, and vertical jump test were performed before the intervention and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Results: The SS, HR, and CR techniques effected positive improvement in hamstring flexibility and vertical jump performances but neither of the stretching methods had any statistically significant different effects according to group, although there were interactions (between group and time) in the ALSR group from 1 week to 2 week and in the AKE test from pretest to 1 week. Conclusion: Based on the results of the current study, SS, HR, and CR were shown to affect hamstring flexibility and vertical jump performance in healthy adults. In particular, it was determined that within a short period, hamstring flexibility could be attributed more to CR than to SS.

• 한국연극학
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• 제49호
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• pp.171-208
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• 2013

Site-specific performance is always the real on-site work taking place at the site. Hence, it deals with the reality, in other words, the time of creation and formation. And it creates value and meaning through the interaction and continuous direct communication process between the performers, audience and the local residents. In this performance, the audience's status as the passive observer changes. They become the co-agent who actively lead and complete the performance through their own experience. We have examined the The Working Methods of Site-specific Performance and Aesthetics of Effect through four Korean performances ; Marie, An aesthetic experiment of site as the storyteller; Heterotopia and Urban Movement Research or Play: We Will Move Your Sofa, as performances which have Revealed history, politics, institution engraved in the site ; A Song of Mandala and Miracle, as a ritualistic site-specific performance at the historic site. Some remarks on Site-specific performance ; First, In Site-specific performance, the habitus peculiar to the stage art and the mode of reception are changed. Second, a new mode of theatrical communication requires creator and audience to have a sharp aesthetic sensibility and to change one's perceptual habit. Third, Site-specific performance can act as a demonstration for the viewpoints of political activism through what could be called a dramatic close-up effect. Fourth, Site-specific performance also has the risk of merely becoming an unfocused and scattered performance or degenerating into a pseudo-sightseeing. To avoid this, an in-depth study of the site and its socio-cultural context, and the clear motivation with which one is trying to reveal and tell from the site must be indispensable. As the co-agent, the audience should also be aware and think about what the given performance signifies today.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2021

Background: The hamstring is a muscle that crosses two joints, that is the hip and knee, and its flexibility is an important indicator of physical health in its role in many activities of daily living such as sitting, walking, and running. Limited range of motion (ROM) due to hamstring tightness is strongly related to back pain and malfunction of the hip joint. High-frequency diathermy (HFD) therapy is known to be effective in relaxing the muscle and increasing ROM. Objects: To investigate the effects of HFD on active knee extension ROM and hamstring tone and stiffness in participants with hamstring tightness. Methods: Twenty-four participants with hamstring tightness were recruited, and the operational definition of hamstring tightness in this study was active knee extension ROM of below 160° at 90° hip flexion in the supine position. HFD was applied to the hamstring for 15 minutes using the WINBACK device. All participants were examined before and after the intervention, and the results were analyzed using a paired t-test. The outcome measures included knee extension ROM, the viscoelastic property of the hamstring, and peak torque for passive knee extension. Results: The active knee extension ROM significantly increased from 138.8° ± 9.9° (mean ± standard deviation) to 143.9° ± 10.4° after the intervention (p < 0.05), while viscoelastic property of the hamstring significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Also, the peak torque for knee extension significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Application of HFD for 15 minutes to tight hamstrings immediately improves the active ROM and reduces the tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the muscle. However, further experiments are required to examine the long-term effects of HFD on hamstring tightness including pain reduction, postural improvement around the pelvis and lower extremities, and enhanced functional movement.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the elector spine muscle tone using the irradiation of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) arm pattern according to angular motion. Methods: Thirty subjects participated in this study. Elector spine muscle tone was measured using a Myotonpro device while in the sitting position according to the angular motion (70°, 100°, 130°) of the PNF arm pattern using a D1 flexion pattern. Each angular motion of the PNF arm pattern was performed with a continuous passive motion (CPM). The change in elector spine muscle tone was statistically evaluated using a repeated one-way ANOVA test. Post-hoc analysis was performed using the Bonferroni method. Results: The results revealed a significant change in elector spine muscle tone when performing the PNF arm pattern using D1 flexion pattern. Specifically, the elector spine muscle tone had significantly increased at 100° and 130° motion in the PNF arm pattern when compared to the initial muscle tone (p < 0.05). No significant muscle tone changes were noted for any of the angular motions of the PNF upper arm pattern (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate a positive increase in elector spine muscle tone with irradiation of the PNF upper arm pattern exercise with 100° or 130° angular motion. The minimum angle at which the effect of the irradiation of the PNF arm pattern could be seen was 100°.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.63-74
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aims to compare hamstring flexibility and pressure pain threshold (PPT) after an intervention with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation contract-relax (PNF CR) technique, myofascial release (MFR), and a massage gun (MG), as well as to verify the effectiveness of the MG. Methods: This study recruited 36 participants (22 males and 14 females) with shortening of less than 70 degrees upon a straight leg raise (SLR) test, and they were randomly assigned to one of the PNF, MG, and MFR groups, each of which underwent its own protocol for 30 minutes. Flexibility of the hamstring was measured after the intervention using the active and passive knee extension (AKE and PKE) test, the sit and reach test, and PPT. Results: The AKE and PKE angles significantly decreased, as well as significantly increased in flexibility when each of the PNF, MFR, and MG interventions was performed (p<0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference among groups. However, according to the Cohen's D effect size, the MG demonstrated the largest effect size in AKE (d = 1.41) and PNF demonstrated the largest effect size in PKE (d = 1.66) and flexibility (d = 0.63). Conclusion: All interventions used in our study are effective in increasing hamstring flexibility. Based on the Cohen's D effect size, an MG is beneficial to increase the AKE, whereas PNF CR technique is recommended for increasing PKE and flexibility.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.894-903
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to report the case of a patient with idiopathic Parkinson's disease treated with scalp acupuncture and Chuna manual therapy. A total of 10 sessions of scalp acupuncture and Chuna manual therapy were performed. At the beginning of the treatment, the Korean version of modified Barthel index (K-MBI) was 25 points, and the range of motion (ROM) of both knee joints was 150° in passive flexion, while active movement was impossible. In addition, both knee joints were flexed and contracted at -40° on the right and -30° on the left. Over the course of treatment, the ROM of both knee joints improved to -20° on the right and -10° on the left. The patient was even able to maintain a standing position and was allowed to walk approximately 10 steps with support. Temporary improvement was observed as a result of applying scalp acupuncture treatment and Chuna manual therapy to a patient whose symptoms were gradually worsening.

• 한국석유지질학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2007

한반도 동남부는 신생대 동안 지구조 환경의 변화에 따라 다중 지각변형을 겪었다. 신생대 동안의 주요 지구조 사건과 이에 따른 한반도 동남부에서 발생한 지각변형의 주요 특징들을 정리하면 다음과 같다. (1) 인도-아시아의 충돌과 태평양판의 이동방향 변화기(약 50${\sim}$43 Ma): 인도판의 충돌에 인해 동아시아 대륙이 동쪽의 태평양판쪽으로 밀려가면서 해구의 퇴각이 발생하였으며, 태평양판의 이동방향이 북북서에서 서북서방향으로 회전되었다. 그 결과 한반도 동남부에는 동서 내지 서북서-동남동방향의 인장력이 발생하였고 이로 인해 남${\sim}$북북동방향의 염기성 암맥군이 관입하였다.(48 Ma 전후). (2) 동해 화장기(약 25${\sim}$16 Ma): 남북 내지 북북서-남남동방향으로 동해가 활발히 확장됨에 따라 한반도 동쪽 해안선을 따라 우수향 전단력이 발생하였다. 이로 인해 한반도 동남부에는 북북서-남남동방향의 우수향 주향이동단층운동이 발생하였으며 단층의 우향 굴곡부 혹은 오버스텝 부분에는 당겨열림형 퇴적분지가 형성되었다. 기하 및 운동학적 특징에 따라 퇴적분지들은 평행사변형과 쐐기형 확장 분지로 나누어진다. 또한 이 시기에는 지괴가 시계방향으로 수평 회전되고 북서향으로 경동되었으며 일부 퇴적분지들은 확장 축이 동에서 서쪽으로 이동되는 전파열개 과정을 겪었다. 또한 약 17Ma경에는 이러한 지각변형을 가장 서쪽에서 규제하는 연일구조선이 우수향 주향이동단층으로 운동하기 시작하였다. (3) 일본 남서부 시계방향 회전기(약 15Ma): 필리핀해판의 북상으로 이즈-보닌 아크와 일본 남서부가 충돌해 일본 남서부의 시계방향 회전운동이 발생하였다. 이로 인해 대한해협에는 북서향 압축력이 가해졌으며 한반도 동남부에서는 응력반전으로 인해 퇴적분지의 확장이 종결되고 지괴의 융기와 국지적인 지괴의 반시계방향 수평회전운동이 발생하였다. (4) 동서방향 압축응력기(약 5Ma 이후): 태평양판의 섭입각도가 얕아지고 아무르판이 동진함으로써 한반도 동남부 특히, 울산단층 동부에 상반서향의 충상단층들이 형성되어 지괴가 융기되었으며, 최근 한반도 지진 발생의 주요 원인이 되고 있다.

• 인지과학
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.109-132
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• 2012

최근 체화된 인지 접근에 따르면 행위의 이해는 추상적인 기호 처리가 아니라 그 행위와 관련된 감각-운동 정보의 심적 모사(mental simulation)를 통해 이루어진다고 주장되고 있다. 이 주장을 지지하는 증거로서 제시된 운동공명효과(motor resonance effect)는 관찰되는 행위와 현재 수행하는 행위 사이의 유사성에 의해 행위자의 운동 반응에 일어나는 간섭 혹은 촉진 효과를 말한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 운동공명효과가 복잡한 사회적 행위를 지각하는 상황에서도 일어나는지 그리고 사회적 행위의 해석 관점에 따라 그 효과가 어떻게 달라지는 지를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 어떤 행위자가 세 가지 신체 부위(팔, 발, 입)를 사용하여 다른 사람과 다투는 행위 장면을 그림으로 묘사하고, 각 그림을 행위자의 관점에서 기술하거나(예, 간호사가 의사를 때렸다/밟았다/물었다), 피행위자의 관점에서 기술하여(예, 의사가 간호사에게 맞았다/밟혔다/물렸다), 행위 사건 지각의 관점을 조절하였다. 실험 1에서는 실험참가자로 하여금 제시된 그림과 문장이 일치하면 페달을 밟거나 혹은 버튼을 누르는 행동 반응을 하도록 지시함으로써, 발 행위의 운동공명효과를 측정하였고, 실험 2에서는 마이크와 버튼을 이용하여 입 행위에 대한 운동공명효과를 측정하였다. 실험 1의 결과, 페달을 밟는 발 행동 반응이 발 행위 장면을 행위자의 관점에서 능동적으로 해석한 경우 다른 행위 지각 조건에 비해 빨라졌으며, 피행위자 관점에서 수동적으로 해석한 경우에는 오히려 느려졌다. 이와 유사하게, 실험 2에서는 마이크에 '합'이라는 소리를 내는 입 행동 반응이 입 행위 장면을 행위자가 상대방을 무는 행위로 능동적으로 해석한 경우 빨라졌으며, 같은 장면이라도 피행위자 관점에서 기술하였을 때는 오히려 느려졌다. 본 연구의 결과는 일상생활에서 사회적 행위를 지각하는 과정에서도 운동공명효과는 일어날 수 있다는 것과, 그러나 그 효과 또한 행위 사건을 해석하는 관점에 따라 조절될 수 있다는 점을 시사한다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.148-155
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• 2013

This study is about the development of the wrist rehabilitation system for the patient who has limited capability of movement after stroke. Electromyography triggered training system (ETTS) can play the role between complete passive training and patient activating training system. Surface EMG was measured on pronator teres muscle and biceps brachii muscle for wrist pronation and supination. Our system detects whether the subject makes muscular effort for pronation or supination or nothing in every 50 ms. When the effort level exceeds the preset percentage of maximal voluntary contraction, the motor rotates according to the direction of the intention of the subject. EMG triggers the motor rotation for the wrist rehabilitation training until the preset angle. To evaluate its performance, the maximum voluntary contraction level was measured for 4 subjects at first. With the audio-visual instruction to rotate the wrist (pronation or supination) the subjects made effort to follow the instruction. After calculating root mean square (RMS) for 50 ms, the controller determines whether there was muscular effort to rotate while holding the motor. When there was an effort to rotate, the controller rotates the motor 0.8 degree. By comparing the RMS values from two channels of EMG, the controller determines the rotational direction. The onset delay is $0.76{\pm}0.24$ s and offset delay is $0.65{\pm}0.22$ s for pronation. For supination the onset delay is $1.24{\pm}0.41$ s and offset delay is $0.77{\pm}0.22$ s. The system responded fast enough to be used for rehabilitation training. The controller perceived the direction of rotation 100% correctly for the pronation and 97.5% correctly for supination. ETTS was developed and the fundamental functions were validated for normal subjects. The clinical validation should be done with patients for real world application. With ETTS, the subjects can train voluntarily over the limitation of the range of motion which increases the effectiveness of the rehabilitation training.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2010

게임에서 흔히 사용하는 전신형 가상 캐릭터를 이용한 감정 표현은 주로 몸동작을 이용한다. 이때 가상 캐릭터가 표현하는 모든 감정에 대하여 각기 다른 애니메이션을 만들어 주어야 한다. 이런 이유로 인간과 같이 감정의 강도에 따라 다른 크기의 동작을 표현하려면, 만들어야 할 애니메이션의 수가 기하급수적으로 늘어나게 된다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 가상 캐릭터가 감정 강도에 따라 다른 크기의 동작을 행할 수 있게 하는 방법을 제안한다. 본 연구에서는 감정 강도별로 캐릭터가 동작을 형성하기 위해 회전시키는 뼈대에 가중치를 주어 소극적인 표현 또는 과장된 표현이 가능하도록 하였다. 제안하는 방법을 검증하기 위해 실제 가상 캐릭터에 신체 가중치를 적용할 수 있는 EATool(Emotional Animation Tool)을 구현하였다. 구현된 환경을 통해 걷기 동작에 서로 다른 감정을 부여한 후, 각 감정의 강도에 따라 신체 가중치를 적용하였다. 실험 비교 결과 감정 강도에 따라 동일한 걷기 동작의 형태가 달라지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.