• 에너지공학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2018

본 연구 대상인 발전기용 커먼레일 디젤엔진은 폐엔진을 재제조한 것으로서 폐엔진의 연료분사시기는 차량 운전조건에 적합하도록 설정되어 있다. 그러나 발전기용 엔진은 회전속도가 일정하고 주로 부분부하에서 운전된다. 따라서, 발전용 엔진에 적합한 연료분사시기의 변경이 필요하고 이러한 변경에 필요한 비용과 시간은 가능한 최소화시켜야 한다. 본 연구에서는 이에 적합한 연료분사시기 변경을 적용하였으며 실제 제작에 따른 시행착오를 줄이기 위해 선행적으로 엔진성능 수치해석을 도입하였다. 해석결과, 발전기용 엔진에 적합한 연료분사시기 변경에 따라 연소 효율성을 높아져서 성능 및 연비가 증가함을 확인하였다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.127-143
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• 2015

In conventional seismic design, structures are assumed to be fixed at the base. To reduce the impact of earthquake loading, while at the same time providing an economically feasible structure, minor damage is tolerated in the form of controlled plastic hinging at predefined locations in the structure. Uplift is traditionally not permitted because of concerns that it would lead to collapse. However, observations of damage to structures that have been through major earthquakes reveal that partial and temporary uplift of structures can be beneficial in many cases. Allowing a structure to move as a rigid body is in fact one way to limit activated seismic forces that could lead to severe inelastic deformations. To further reduce the induced seismic energy, slip-friction connectors could be installed to act both as hold-downs resisting overturning and as contributors to structural damping. This paper reviews recent research on the concept, with a focus on timber shear walls. A novel approach used to achieve the desired sliding threshold in the slip-friction connectors is described. The wall uplifts when this threshold is reached, thereby imparting ductility to the structure. To resist base shear an innovative shear key was developed. Recent research confirms that the proposed system of timber wall, shear key, and slip-friction connectors, are feasible as a ductile and low-damage structural solution. Additional numerical studies explore the interaction between vertical load and slip-friction connector strength, and how this influences both the energy dissipation and self-centring capabilities of the rocking structure.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.589-606
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• 2018

The previous studies reflected the significant effect of neutral-axis position and coupling of in-plane and out-of-plane displacements on behavior of functionally graded (FG) nanobeams. In thin FG beam, this coupling can be eliminated by a proper choice of the reference axis. In shear deformable FG nanobeam, not only this coupling can't be eliminated but also the position of neutral-axis is dependent on through-thickness distribution of shear strain. For the first time, in this paper it is avoided to guess a shear strain shape function and the exact shape function and consequently the exact position of neutral axis for arbitrary gradation of higher order nanobeam are obtained. This paper presents new methodology based on differential transform and collocation methods to solve coupled partial differential equations of motion without any simplifications. Using exact position of neutral axis and higher order beam kinematics as well as satisfying equilibrium equations and traction-free conditions without shear correction factor requirement yields to better results in comparison to the previously published results in literature. The classical rule of mixture and Mori-Tanaka homogenization scheme are considered. The Eringen's nonlocal continuum theory is applied to capture the small scale effects. For the first time, the dependency of exact position of neutral axis on length to thickness ratio is investigated. The effects of small scale, length to thickness ratio, Poisson's ratio, inhomogeneity of materials and various end conditions on vibration and buckling of local and nonlocal FG beams are investigated. Moreover, the effect of axial load on natural frequencies of the first modes is examined. After degeneration of the governing equations, the exact new formulas for homogeneous nanobeams are computed.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제62권5호
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• pp.567-576
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• 2017

Structural failures are undesirable events that devastate the construction industry resulting in loss of life, injury, huge property loss, and also affect the economy of the region. Roof truss failures occur mainly due to excessive loading, improper fabrication, deterioration, inadequate repair, etc. Although very rare, a roof truss may even fail due to inappropriate location of supports. One such case was reported from the recent failure of a steel roof truss used in an indoor stadium at Kargil in India. Kargil region, being mountainous in nature, receives heavy snowfall and hence the steel roof trusses are designed for heavy snow loads. Due to inappropriate support location, the indoor stadium's steel roof truss had failed under heavy snow load for which it was designed and became an interesting structural engineering problem. The failure observed was primarily in terms of yielding of the bottom chord under the supports, leading to partial collapse of the roof truss. This paper summarizes the results of laboratory tests and analytical studies that focused on the validation of the proposed remedial measure for rehabilitating this distressed steel roof truss. The study presents the evaluation of (i) significant reduction in strength and stiffness of the distressed truss resulting in its failure, (ii) desired recovery in both strength and stiffness of the rectified truss contributed by the proposed remedial measure. Three types of models i.e., ideal truss model, as build truss model and rectified truss model were fabricated and tested under monotonic loading. The structural configuration and support condition varied in all the three models to represent the ideal truss, distressed truss and the rectified truss. To verify the accuracy of the experimental results, an analytical study was carried out and the results of this analytical study are compared with the experimental ones.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1670-1679
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• 2015

Two hollow fiber membrane biofilm reactors (HF-MBfRs) were operated for autotrophic nitrification and hydrogenotrophic denitrification for over 300 days. Oxygen and hydrogen were supplied through the hollow fiber membrane for nitrification and denitrification, respectively. During the period, the nitrogen was removed with the efficiency of 82-97% for ammonium and 87-97% for nitrate and with the nitrogen removal load of 0.09-0.26 kg NH₄⁺-N/m³/d and 0.10-0.21 kg NO₃^--N/m³/d, depending on hydraulic retention time variation by the two HF-MBfRs for autotrophic nitrification and hydrogenotrophic denitrification, respectively. Biofilms were collected from diverse topological positions in the reactors, each at different nitrogen loading rates, and the microbial communities were analyzed with partial 16S rRNA gene sequences in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Detected DGGE band sequences in the reactors were correlated with nitrification or denitrification. The profile of the DGGE bands depended on the NH₄⁺ or NO₃^- loading rate, but it was hard to find a major strain affecting the nitrogen removal efficiency. Nitrospira-related phylum was detected in all biofilm samples from the nitrification reactors. Paracoccus sp. and Aquaspirillum sp., which are an autohydrogenotrophic bacterium and an oligotrophic denitrifier, respectively, were observed in the denitrification reactors. The distribution of microbial communities was relatively stable at different nitrogen loading rates, and DGGE analysis based on 16S rRNA (341f /534r) could successfully detect nitrate-oxidizing and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria but not ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in the HF-MBfRs.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2012

This steel has been synthesized integrating concepts from Austempering Ductile Cast Iron (ADI) technology. While ADI has excellent mechanical and physical properties, the Young's modules of ADI is approximately 20% lower than steel. In addition, the presence of graphite nodules in ADI can be sites of crack initiation, where fracture takes place at graphite matrix interface. Because of this limitations of ADI, there has been a growing interest in austempered steels as structural materials in resent years. In this investigation, a new steel with microstructure composed of ferrite and austenite and with simultaneous high tensile strength (1,150 MPa) and high ductility (33%) was developed. The goal of this investigation is to obtain a better understanding of deformation and transformation behaviour in high carbon retained austenite(${\gamma}_{HC}$) and over-saturated ferrite(${\alpha}$) during the plastic deformation. A detailed study of the microstructure of this steel was carried out by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) technic. In this way it was shown that BCC phase (BCC) took up the larger part of the nominal strain whereas the a part of retained austenite responded to the mechanincal load by partial martensite transformation, and misorientation change in the retained austenite after plastic strain could be attributed to the large elongation.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제12권1호통권44호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2000

현재 현장에서 건설되어지는 콘크리트교량의 바닥판은 상부와 하부에 동일한 철근을 배근한다. 바닥판 상부철근의 부분적인 제거는 구조적인 측면에서 볼 때, 안전성을 위협하지 않는다는 경험적인 연구 결과들이 발표되어왔다. 판이론에 근거하여 강판형교의 3거더와 4거더시 바닥판의 구조적인 거동을 수식적으로 표현하는 간략화 된 방법을 유도하였다. 거더간 상대처짐을 고려한 간략화 된 방법은 유한요소해석의 결과치와 유사한 값을 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는, 바닥판 슬래브의 새로운 설계개념이 간략화 된 방법을 통해서 제안되었다. 간략화 된 방법의 변수는 하중위치, 형상비, 상대강성비 그리고 지간 길이 등을 선정하였다. 이 새로운 설계접근방법은 바닥판 상부 철근량을 감소시켜줄 것이다. 바닥판 상부 철근량의 감소는 건설비용의 감소와 철근의 부식문제를 최소화 시켜줄 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 2차원 유한요소해석을 통하여 부마찰(negative skin friction) 이 작용하는 단독말뚝의 거동을 분석하였다. 압밀의 진행에 따른 부마찰의 변화를 검토하기 위하여 압밀해석을 실시하였으며, 말뚝과 주변지반 사이에서의 항복(yielding, slip)을 고려하였다. 일반적으로 널리 사용되는 -방법에 의해 부마찰력을 산정하는 경우 중립면 부근에서의 전단강도의 부분발현 및 지중응력의 감소를 반영할 수 없기 때문에 정밀유한요소 해석에 비하여 부마찰력이 25% 정도 과하게 평가된다. 압밀이 진행 중일 때 말뚝과 지반사이 대부분의 구간에서 항복이 발생하는 경우 더 이상의 부마찰력의 증가는 그리 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 부마찰이 발생하는 말뚝에 코팅을 실시하는 경우 부마찰력의 크기 및 말뚝의 침하를 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있으나, 말뚝두부에 상재하중이 작용할 때 말뚝의 선단이 충분히 견고한 지지층에 설치되어 있지 않은 경우 말뚝의 마찰저항력이 매우 작아서 말뚝에 큰 침하가 발생할 우려가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제29권12A호
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• pp.1340-1348
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 OFDM 시스템에서 최대전력 대 평균전력(Peak-to -average Power Ratio : PAPR) 및 계산량(computation)을 최소화하는 PAPR-최소화하는 시퀀스 매핑 기법을 제안한다. PAPR을 줄이기 위해, 낮은 신호 전력의 블락 지수(block index)와 심벌 패턴들에 관한 정보를 이용하여 사상(mapping table)을 작성한다. 입력 데이터 시퀀스는 목(quotient)과 나머지(remainder)을 찾기위해 블락 지수로 나눈다. 낮은 신호 전력의 심벌 패턴은 사상 표에서 음에 따른 블락 지수의 항으로 찾게되고, 수신기에서 최초의 데이터 시퀀스를 구별하고 복원하기 위한 추가정보처럼 나머지와 함께 전송된다. 본 논문에서는 두가지 방식의 사상(mapping) 기법을 제안한다. 하나는 OFDM 신호를 복원하기위해 송신기와 수신기 양쪽 다 사상 표를 갖는 기법이고, 다른 하나는 이동국(mobile) 시스템에서 부하와 복잡성을 줄이기 위해 단지 송신기만 사상 표를 사용하는 기법이다. 이들 알고리즘은 다중 캐리어 시스템에서 PAPR 경감, 단순 처리, 그리고 적은 계산량을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.445-454
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• 2005

프리스트레스트 콘크리트 구조는 압축강도에 비해 낮은 인장강도로 인하여 콘크리트의 균열이 발생되고, 구조물의 강성이 저하되며, 과도한 처짐으로 인한 구조물의 기능이 저하된다. 주 연구에서는 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 인장부 일부분의 고성능 강섬유 보강 콘크리트와 압축부의 보통강도 콘크리트의 합성으로 이루어진 새로운 구조형식의 프리스트레스트 이중 콘크리트 보가 제안되었고, 3개의 프리스트레스트 이중 콘크리트 보와 2개의 프리스트레스트 콘크리트 보가 제작되었다 프리스트레스트 이중 콘크리트 보의 쉽 거동 분석을 위해 각 구간별(precracking stage, postcracking stage, ultimate stage) 해석적 모델이 제안되었고, 해석 결과와 실험 결과가 비교적 잘 일치되었다. 프리스트레스트 이중 콘크리트 보는 인장부 일부분에 적용된 고성능 강섬유 보강 콘크리트에 의해 균열의 생성과 성장이 억제되었고, 초기균열 및 한계사용하중이 증가되었으며, 내하력 및 쵱 강성이 확연하게 증가되었다.