• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2006

본 연구는 1999년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지의 체세포점수의 검정일 자료를 이용하여 124,635개의 초산자료와 134,308개의 2산자료, 37,412개의 3산자료, 41787개의 4산자료, 37412개의 5산 자료를 이용하였다. 분석에 사용된 방법은 체세포 점수에 영향을 미치는 분만연도, 연령, 비유단계, 산차, 계절의 효과를 추정하기 위하여 GLM을 이용하여 최소자승법으로 분석하였으며, 검정일 모형을 이용한 분산성분 추정은 EM-REML 분석방법을 전산 프로그램한 REMLF90을 이용하였다. 각 산차별로 연령에 대한 효과는 연령이 낮은 군에서 체세포 점수가 낮게 나타났으며, 연령이 높은 군에서는 다소 높게 나타났다. 비유단계별 효과는 1산과 2산에서는 비유초기에서 체세포 점수가 낮게 나타났으며 비유말기에 3.151, 3.696로 높은 체세포 점수를 나타났으나, 3산, 4산, 5산에서는 비유중기에 높은 체세포 점수를 나타내었으며, 대체로 피크기에 체세포 점수가 높게 나타나는데 4산과 5산에서는 비유말기에 체세포 점수가 낮게 나타났다. 분만계절별 환경효과는 1산～5산 모두 대체로 9～11월에 체세포 점수가 낮게 나타났으며, 대체로 유량이 낮게 추정되는 6～8월 사이에는 체세포 점수가 대체로 높게 나타났다. 각 산차별 유전력은 1산에서 5산까지 각각 0.05, 0.09, 0.10, 0.05, 0.05를 나타냈으며, 유전분산값은 비유초기의 경우 2, 3, 5산에서 높게 나타났으며, 1산과 4산의 경우는 대체로 낮게 추정되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.189-192
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• 2001

This study was initiated in an effort to determine the normal mean and variations of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk of buffaloes as influenced by the milking time, stage of lactation, parity and season. The buffaloes were hand milked at 13 and 11 h. interval during evening and morning respectively. On the day of milk sampling the udders were tested for mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Only those buffaloes, which were found negative in the CMT, were included in the sampling plan. The mean values for morning and evening were 1.09 (range 0.39-1.76) and $0.97(range\;0.57-2.46){\times}10^5cells/ml$, respectively which did not differ significantly. When data of the morning and evening values was compared on the basis of total cell secretion in milk, even then there was no statistical difference between the morning and the evening values, thereby suggesting that no diurnal variation existed in SCC of milk. Paritywise differences were not significant between the 1st to 5th lactation and above. Similarly stage of lactation effect, when tested at 30 day intervals, did not differ significantly. Significant (p<0.05) correlation coefficients (r) between SCC and milk yield during different stages of lactation and parity suggested that SCC per ml of milk was higher during the later stages of lactation. SCC was higher in primiparous than in multiparous buffaloes. On an average the SCC recorded was $1.0{\times}10^5cells/ml$ of milk irrespective of time of milking, parity and stages of lactation. The SCC was low during cold and hot-dry season but were high during the hot-humid season (p<0.05), the respective values being 0.76, 1.08 and $1.35{\times}10^5cells/ml$. These values were lower than the SCC already reported in cows suggesting less stressful condition of the udder of buffaloes in this study.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of daily milk yield, somatic cell count(SCC), days in milk(DIM), and parity on the compositions of milk and blood in high or low producing dairy cows. To divide the high or low producing group, there were some restrictions in this study. 235 Holstein dairy cows had a average daily milk yield of 23.2 $\pm$ 6.8 kg were grouped into two classes with low producing(average daily milk 17kg) or high producing(average daily milk 29 kg). The other restrictions were two parities(first and second parity), two SCC groups(under $l{\times}10^5$cells/ml, and $l{\times}10^5$ to $7{\times}10^5$ celis/ml), and three DIM groups(under 80, 81 to 180, and 181 to 305DIM). The blood urea nitrogen(BUN), milk urea nitrogen(MUN) and glucose between two group with high and low somatic cell count were not affected by parity, DIM and SCC. But there were significantly different on BUN and glucose between high and low milk producing(p< 0.01), also was different on glucose between parities(p < 0.05). White blood cell(WBC) and lymphocyte were affected(p< 0.05) by SCC level, protein percent was also affected by DIM(p< 0.01). The least square means of protein in second parity was a 1.3 times higher than that in first parity(p < 0.05), and it showed a higher level in the low producing group than the high producing group(p < 0.0l). WBC and lymphocyte were lower in the $1{\sim}7{\times}10^5$ celis/ml than those under $1{\times}10^5$ celis/ml(p< 0.05). Neutrophil was a higher level in first parity than that in second parity(p < 0.05). Only protein and total solid were affected by parity, the other compositions were not affected by parity, DIM, SCC and milk yields. The results suggested that significant differences were in the blood components such as glucose, WBC, lymphocyte and neutrophil between high and low producing cows. The results also show that more studies are required to clarify the factors and markers related to milk yield, quality and mastitis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1775-1780
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• 2001

The study was undertaken to find out the normal mean and variations in somatic cell count (SCC) of milk in crossbred and indigenous cows as influenced by stage of lactation, parity and season. On day of milk sampling the udders were tested for mastitis by California Mastitis Test (CMT). Only those cows, which were found negative in the CMT, were taken in the study. Paritywise differences in SCC were not significant between the 1st to 6th lactation and above. Similarly, stage of lactation effect, when tested at 30 day intervals, did not differ significantly. However, the seasons significantly (p<0.05) affected SCC count of milk. The SCC was lower during cold ($1.10{\times}10^5cells/ml$) and hot-dry ($1.11{\times}10^5cells/ml$) season then during hot-humid season ($2.14{\times}10^5cells/ml$). On an average SCC recorded were 1.26, 1.31, 1.54 and $1.61{\times}10^5$ cells per ml respectively in Tharparkar, Sahiwal, Karan Swiss and Karan Fries cows irrespective of stage of lactation, parity and season. Further, crossbred Karan Swiss and Karan Fries cows behave similar to the indigenous Tharparkar and Sahiwal cows but are more vulnerable to hot-humid climate then indigenous ones. Significant correlation between the SCC and milk yield during different stages of lactation (1.38 to $1.74{\times}10^5cells/ml$) and parity (1.47 to $1.63{\times}10^5cells/ml$) suggested that the SCC/ml of milk was higher during the later stages of lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.1347-1352
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• 2000

The objectives of the study were to examine non-genetic factors that influence somatic cell counts in dairy cattle and to estimate the genetic parameters of somatic cell counts. A total of 34, 097-test day somatic cell count records were obtained from the Zimbabwe Dairy Services Association (ZDSA). The data were from 5, 615 Holstein daughters of 390 sires and 2, 541 dams tested between May 1994 and December 1998. First lactation cows contributed 22, 147 records to the data set, while 11, 950 records were from second and later parity cows. The model for analysis included fixed effects of month of calving, year of calving, stage of lactation, calving interval and test date. Milk yield and age on test day were fitted in the model as covariates. The additive genetic effects pertaining to cows, sires and dams and the residual error were the random effects. The Average Information Restricted Maximum Likelihood algorithm was used for analysis. The heritability of somatic cell scores was low at $0.027{\pm}0.013$ for parity one cows and $0.087{\pm}0.031$ for parity two and above. Repeatability estimates were $0.22{\pm}0.01$ and $0.30{\pm}0.01$ for the two lactation groups, respectively. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between the somatic cell scores and test day milk production were small and negative. It seems that there is no genetic link between somatic cell counts and milk yield in Holstein cattle in Zimbabwe. The results also seem to indicate that somatic cell count is a trait that is mainly governed by environmental factors.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.557-562
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• 2005

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have recently emerged due to their excellent performance. However, the parity check (H) matrices of the previous works are not adequate for hardware implementation of encoders or decoders. This paper proposes a hybrid parity check matrix which is efficient in hardware implementation of both decoders and encoders. The hybrid H-matrices are constructed so that both the semi-random technique and the partly parallel structure can be applied to design encoders and decoders. Using the proposed methods, the implementation of encoders can become practical while keeping the hardware complexity of the partly parallel decoder structures. An encoder and a decoder are designed using Verilog-HDL and are synthesized using a $0.35 {\mu}m$ CMOS standard cell library.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 1999

기존의 CREG-VP는 VP상에서 FEC기법을 사용하여 트래픽 과잉으로 인한 연속적인 셀 손실을 보상하는 기법으로써, 평균 코딩/디코딩 시간이 짧고, ATM 표준 셀 형식과 호환성을 유지할 수 있다는 장점을 지니고 있으나, 복구할 수 있는 셀의 수에는 제한이 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 CREG-VP를 확장하여 버스트 특성을 갖는 트래픽에서도 효과적으로 셀 손실을 복구하는 기법을 제안하였다. 제안된 기법은 CRP를 변경하여 셀 손실의 검출 성능을 향상시켰고, 인터리브 패리티 셀을 적용하여 연속적인 셀의 복구성능을 향상시켰다. 실험 결과 제안된 기법은 CREG-VP 방식보다 셀 손실률 감소 계수를 향상 시킴을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1252-1256
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• 2006

This study estimated the effects of parity (1-3) and stage of lactation (early, mid and late) on daily milk yield (DMY), somatic cell score (SCS), milk urea nitrogen (MUN), blood glucose, and immunoglobulin G (IgG), their heritabilities and genetic correlations between them in Holsteins (n = 200). Means and standard deviations of DMY, SCS, MUN, blood glucose, and IgG in the experimental herd were $23.35{\pm}7.75kg$, $3.81{\pm}2.00$, $13.99{\pm}5.68mg/dl$, $44.91{\pm}13.12mg/dl$, and $30.36{\pm}6.72mg/ml$, respectively. DMY was the lowest in first parity, and in late lactation. SCS increased with parity; however, it was lowest in mid-lactation. MUN was lowest in first parity, and no difference was noted across stage of lactation. Blood glucose was similar between parities, however the highest blood glucose was observed during mid lactation. IgG level was significantly different between first and second parity; however, stage of lactation did not affect its level. Heritability of DMY was 0.16. Its genetic correlations with SCS and with blood glucose were -0.67 and 0.98, respectively. Heritability of SCS was 0.15. Genetic correlations of SCS with MUN, glucose, and IgG were -0.72, -0.59, and 0.68, respectively. Heritability of MUN was estimated to be 0.39 and had a genetic correlation of -0.35 with IgG. Heritabilities of blood glucose and IgG were 0.21 and 0.33, respectively. This study suggested that MUN, blood glucose and IgG could be considered important traits in future dairy selection programs to improve milk yield and its quality with better animal health and welfare. However, further studies are necessary involving more records to clarify the relationship between metabolic and immunological traits with DMY and its quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2004

The study was conducted to assess the effect of milk production, parity, stage of lactation, season and individual milk components themselves on milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration and other milk components of 3,219 Holstein dairy cows in Korean dairy farms. The MUN concentrations in Korean dairy cows were estimated to 16.68$\pm$5.87 mg/dl. Milk yield was negatively correlated with fat and protein contents and somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk (p<0.01). The increasing MUN concentration has positive correlation with yield and fat content. By increasing somatic cell, milk yield was reduced and MUN level was increased. Cows in spring and winter produced more milk over 1.43 and 0.93 kg/day, respectively, than cows in summer (p<0.01). Milk urea nitrogen concentrations of milk produced in summer and fall were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those in spring and winter. Both MUN concentration and somatic cell counts were highest in winter. Milk yield was lower (p<0.01) in the first calving than other calving time and was tended to increase until the fifth parity and then decrease. Milk urea nitrogen and SCC were not related to parity of cows in this study. Milk yield and SCC were positively related to lactation period while MUN concentrations and milk fat and protein contents were negatively influenced by stage of lactation. In the present study, the relationship between MUN and reproduction of dairy cows was also investigated. Cow produced milk in high MUN concentrations (greater than 18 mg/dl) had more open days than cows in MUN concentrations less than 18 mg/dl. However, no significant difference between MUN concentration levels and frequency of artificial insemination was found in this study. It is suggested that although MUN values for nutritional management and measures of production or reproduction are used, non-nutritional factors should be considered.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.684-690
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 차세대 스토리지 시스템의 디스크 시스템인 DDR-SSD를 이용하여 RAID 레벨 5를 구성하였을 때 고속화 방법을 제안한다. DDR-SSD는 HDD와 Flash SSD와는 다른 특성을 가지고 있기 때문에 기존의 고속화 기법으로는 최상의 성능을 보이지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 고속화를 위해 패리티 정보만 저장하는 패리티 캐시를 사용하는 것과 패리티 캐시의 저장 셀인 패리티 셀의 구조를 제안하였다. 이것은 디스크 접근 횟수의 감소보다는 패리티 연산 오버헤드를 감소시킨다.