• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.183-200
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to assess the activities and satisfaction of school library parent volunteers. The questionnaire survey, which consisted of questions regarding personal background, volunteering experience, training, interpersonal relation, and satisfaction, was administered for two weeks in November 2011 to volunteers in 34 elementary schools in Anyang and Gwacheon area. Data collected from 524 volunteers (response rate was 60.6%) were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation analysis. Most of the volunteers were female, 36-40 in age, and with college education. The biggest group had seven to 12 months volunteering experience, less than six hours, and frequencies for the last six months. Seventy-four percent had training before the volunteer service and 50.9% had continuing education experience. The mean score of satisfaction was 3.64 on a five-point Likert scale. There were significant statistical differences in satisfaction, depending on sex, education, level of volunteering experience, and continuing education. There was a positive correlation between interpersonal relationship and satisfaction. Based on the results, recommendations for systematic volunteer management were suggested to improve effectiveness and satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2000

The effect of cimetidine on the pbarmacokinetic parameters of cyclosporine (intravenous administration) were determined in 6 healthy volunteers (22-48 years old, 48-62 kg) by cross-over design. Cyclosporine and cyclosporine metabolites in whole blood were analysed by fluororescence polarization immunoassay (TDx-FLX). The blood concentrations of cyclosporine After pretreatment with cimetidine (200 mg bid, for 3days) were increased significantly at 8-12 hrs compared to the control (p<0.05). The ratios of blood concentrations of cyclosporine metabolites (M1, M17) to parent drug were decreased significantly at 8-12 hrs (p<0.05). Total body clearance (CL) was also decreased significantly (p<0.05), and area under the curve $(AUC,\%)$ was increased but not significant.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.451-456
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• 2013

Compound K is a major metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, which has various pharmacological activities in vivo and in vitro. However, previous studies have focused on the pharmacokinetics of a single metabolite or the parent compound and have not described the pharmacokinetics of both compounds in humans. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K, we performed an open-label, single-oral dose pharmacokinetic study using Korean Red Ginseng extract. We enrolled 10 healthy Korean male volunteers in this study. Serial blood samples were collected during 36 h after Korean Red Ginseng extract administration to determine plasma concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K. The mean maximum plasma concentration of compound K was $8.35{\pm}3.19$ ng/mL, which was significantly higher than that of ginsenoside Rb1 ($3.94{\pm}1.97$ ng/mL). The half-life of compound K was 7 times shorter than that of ginsenoside Rb1. These results suggest that the pharmacokinetics, especially absorption, of compound K are not influenced by the pharmacokinetics of its parent compound, except the time to reach the maximum plasma concentration The delayed absorption of compound K support the evidence that the intestinal microflora play an important role in the transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 1996

The metabolism of carbinoxamine, 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyridinyl-methoxy]-N, N-dimethylethaneamine, was studied in adult male volunteers after an oral dose of 15 mg. Solvent extracts of urine obtained with or without enzyme hydrolysis were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatization with MSTFA/TMSCl (N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide/trimethyl chlorosilane). The structures of metabolites were determined based on the electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) mass spectra. Nonconjugated metabolites identified in the urine were carbinoxamine, nor-carbinoxamine, and bits-nor-carbinoxamine. Parent drug, nor-carbinoxamine, and bits-nor-carbinoxamine were also detected as conjugated forms. These metabolites observed in human urine were different from those previously reported in the rat. Urinary excretions of carbinoxamine were reached to maxima in 4 hours after drug administration with 4.9%-8.1% and 2.5-4.2% of the dose excreted during 24 h as carbinoxamine and its glucuronide, respectively.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.194-196
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• 1998

The metabolism of dromostanolone (2α-methyl-5α- androstan-17β-ol-3-one) was studied in three adult volunteers after oral dose of 20 mg. Solvent extracts of urine obtained after enzyme hydrolysis were derivatized with MSTFA/TMCS and MSTFA/TMIS. The structures of intact drug and its metabolites were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in electron impact (EI) mode. The major metabolite (2α-methyl-5α- androstan-3α-ol-17-one), its 3β-epimer, parent compound, and several hydroxylated metabolites including intact drug were detected by comparing total ion chromatograms of control urine with that of the administered sample. Two epimers of 2α-methyl-5α- androstan-3,17β-diol were detected using selected ion monitoring. The maximum excretion of dromostanolone and 2α-methyl-5α- androstan-3α-ol-17-one was reached in 6.2-15 hr. The half-life of intact dromostanolone was 5.3 hr. About 3.0% of the administered amount was found to be excreted within 95 hr as unchanged form.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.343-348
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• 2008

The bioequivalence of two cyclosporine A (CyA) 100 mg soft capsules (Chong Kun Dang's $Cipol-N^{(R)}$ as the test drug; Korea Novartis' Sandimmun $Neoral^{(R)}$ as the reference drug) was assessed in healthy male Korean volunteers after oral administration of 200 mg CyA according to a randomized crossover design. The whole blood samples were analyzed for the determination of parent CyA in the blood by using a validated HPLC/diode array detector method. The mean $AUC_t$ values for reference and test products were $4095.3{\pm}1397.2$ and $3958.3{\pm}1138.2\;ng{\cdot}hr/mL$, respectively. The mean $C_{max}$ values were $1135.9{\pm}293.2\;ng/mL$ for the reference product, and $985.0{\pm}207.9\;ng/mL$ for the test product. $T_{max}$ was $1.6{\pm}0.4\;hr$ for the reference and $1.8{\pm}0.5\;hr$ for the test product. The differences of $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were -3.35, -13.28 and +10.63%, respectively. The point estimates and 90% confidence intervals for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ were 0.981 (0.9171 to 1.0514) and 0.876 (0.8229 to 0.9336), respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic and statistical data, we conclude that these two products are bioequivalent and can be considered interchangeable in the medical practice.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.83-93
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• 1989

This study analysed marital comflicts, related factors, and adjustments to those conflicts described by urban Korean women. The purpose was to discover directions for resolution that would enhance the helpfulness of volunteers or prfessionals working with women in counselling settings. The investigator interviewed 20 married women, all mothers and housewives living in Seoul, attending marriage encounter programs and the Lifeline telephone counselling service. An interview schedule using six open-ended questiona guided the data colleciton which took place between May 31 and December 29, 1988. Content analysis of the data revealed, in order of reported frequency, the following areas of conflict: relationships between husband wife, relationships with children, relationships between the wife and her mother-in-Law, unsatisfied sexual needs, the husband's extra marital relationships, lack of self actualization and finacial matters. Analysis of the data suggested the following factors were related to the conflicts: reasons for marriage, traditional views about marriage and divorce including to accept a marriage arranged by the parents, the husband's traditonal attitude toward the sex role of the wife, the husband's patriarchical authoritarianism, and his attitude toward the wife;s empolyment outside the home. The women thought these conflicts severely affected their relationships within the famaily, particularly with their children. Literature suggests links with such poor parent-child-family relationships and adolescent or young people's social problems. Volunteers or professionals working with married women in counselling situation need to be conscious of the possibility of these conflict during assessment, and direct their guidance toward such conflict resolution. The researcher makes several suggestions which include the need for the husband to give emotional supports to his wife, to recognize the worth of housework, to share the work of the home, to fine ways to enhance the wife's self-actualization and to ease dreary housework routines by prviding modern appliances.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.69-86
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• 2012

Collaboration between teacher librarians and parents is one of the very important elements for school library management in characteristics of learning communities and expanding its' administration. These partnerships are necessary to relieve stress and risk conditions and improve ego-resilience of students. This study analyzed cases of student guidance within the partnerships between teacher librarians and parents and then inquired into formal or informal communication channels for their partnerships through written interview with 10 teacher librarians. The results of analyses teacher librarians have appreciated the necessity of collaboration with parents, and they have experienced student guidance, career guidance, reader's advisory and balancing acts between classroom teachers and parents. It turns out that reading programs with parents are formal communication channel rather than institutional committee such as School Library Council and Parents' Library-Assisting Volunteers and Parent Association and Training in the school library are informal communication channels. The teacher librarians also provide periodic reading events and training for parents and they utilize the School Homepage and Educational Newsletters as the main ways of public relation. In order to promote students' ego-resilience through their collaboration, parents should involve in School Library Council as an essential way for formal communication. And parents' role in school library management should be expanded from offering helping hands to activities to read book, library instruction, assisting teacher librarians in the Library-Assisted Instruction and production of teaching mediums.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 1993

Bioequivalence(BE) test of commercially available sustained release tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride(DTZ) was performed to give some guidelines to BE test in korea in case of which drugs with low oral bioavaiiability(BA) due to substantial first-pass hepatic loss form pharmacologically active metabolites. In such cases, the pharmacologic activity after oral administration is greater than anticipated from BA data, based on chemical assay of drug alone. Therefore, this paper explores the use and meaning of area under the plasma concentration-time(AUC) data of parent and its metabolites to access BA if sustained release tablets. Normal healthy male volunteers(n=14) were randomly divided into 2 groups, and sustained release reference$(Herbesser^{(R)})$ and test$(Herben^{(R)})$ tablets of DTZ-30mg were given orally by balanced two-period cross-over dosing schedule. The plasma concentration of DTZ and and its active metabolite, desacetyldiitiazem(DAD), were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and, $AUC_{DTZ},\;AUC_{DAD},\;AUC_{DTZ+DAD},\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ obtained. Analysis of varlance(ANOVA) showed that $AUC_{DTZ}\;and\;C_{max}$ passed the standard $(\alpha=0.05,\;1-\beta\geq0.8,\;\Delta\leq0.2)$ of BE test of korea, but $AUC_{DAD}$ was not satisfied from the standpoint of power. On the other hand, $AUC_{DTZ\midDAD}$ may be more avaliable than $AUC_{DAD}$ from the standpoint of statistics and pharmacologic equivalence.