• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2018

It is difficult to fabricate and maintain moving parts of expander at cryogenic temperature. This paper describes numerical analysis and experimental investigation on a cryogenic reciprocating expander without moving piston. An intake valve which takes high-pressure gas, and an exhaust valve which discharges low-pressure gas, are connected to a tube. The inside pressure of the tube is pulsated for work production. This geometric configuration is similar to that of pulse tube refrigerator but without regenerator. An orifice valve and a reservoir are installed to control the phase of the mass flow and the pressure. At the warm end, a heat exchanger rejects the heat which is converted from the produced work of the expanded gas. For the numerical analysis, mass conservation, energy conservation, and local mass function for valves are used as the governing equations. Before performing cryogenic experiments, we carried out the expander test at room temperature and compared the performance results with the numerical results. For cryogenic experiments, the gas is pre-cooled by liquid nitrogen, and then it enters the pulse tube expander. The experiments are controlled by the opening of the orifice valve. Numerical analysis also found the expander conditions that optimize the expander performance by changing the intake pressure and valve timing as well as the opening of the orifice valve. This paper discusses the experimental data and the numerical analysis results to understand the fundamental behavior of such a newly developed non-mechanical expander and elucidate its potential feature for cryogenic application.

• 태양에너지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.75-89
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• 1997

동적형(Dynamic type) 빙축열시스템의 빙축열조에서 단열조건과 비단열조건인 경우 각각 얼음충진율(Ice Packing Factor), 분산유체의 온도 및 유량의 변화에 따른 실험을 수행하였다. 실험시간이 경과함에 따라 빙축열조의 수직방향으로 온도성층화가 나타났으며 분산유체의 유입온도가 높고 유입유량이 많을수록 상부영역에서 온도분포는 크게 변화하였고 온도성층화에 도달하는 시간도 단축되었다. 또한 얼음충진율이 작은 경우가 온도성층화를 이루는 시간이 짧았고 상하부 온도차가 급격히 커진 것 알 수 있었다. 그리고 단열의 경우가 비단열의 경우보다 모든 조건하에서 조금 높은 온도분포를 나타내었으며 온도성층화에 소요되는 시간도 조금 단축되었다. 빙축열조내의 수직방향의 평균온도 상승은 얼음충진율이 낮고 유량이 많을수록 커졌으며 총방열에너지에 대한 잠열에너지의 비($E_{\lambda}/E_[tot}$)는 약 80%정도로 나타났다. 또한 유입온도가 높고 유량이 많을수록 잠열에너지의 방출이 빨리 나타났다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.127-134
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• 1985

본 연구에서는 축열식 열교환기에 대한 이론해석에 2개의 변수를 적용하여 주 기가 긴 경우에 적용되는 축열체의 열전도계수가 큰 열교환기인 경우 ｆ(t)함수형, 주 기가 긴 경우 또는 짧은 경우에 적용될 수 있는 열전도계수가 작은 경우 ｆ(x,t)함수 형으로 각각 구분하여 이에대한 정확해를 구하였다. 특히 ｆ(x,t)함수형에서 2차원 Laplace 변환기법에 의한 Bessel 함수가 포함된 식을 얻고, Laplace 1차 변환온도에서 얻는 식을 급수편개하여 정리한 식으로 부터 가열주기에 있어서 주기가 짧은 축열체에 적용되어질 수도 있는 근이식인 간단한 온도분포식과 이로부터 대류열전달계수식을 얻 었다.그러나 천 양태랑, 등은 주기가 긴 경우 즉 일반 축열체에 대한 이론해석 결 과와 주기가 짧은 경우 즉 8분 주기로 실험하여 비교한 결과가 일치함을 발표하였다. 이들 연구결과를 참작할때 주기가 짧은 경우에서의 실험결과와도 비교적 일치할 것으 로 기대할 수 있어서 중도상정의 스터얼링 기관 실험에 사용된 축열기의 제원을 이용 하여 계산한 결과, 위에서 구한 온도분포식은 일치하였고 대류열전달계수식에 대하여 는 다른 실험치 보다 접근함을 확인하였다. 또한 위 기관실험치를 대류열전달계수식 에 대입하여 위 기관의 전교환 열량을 계산한 결과, 스터얼링 기관용 축열기에서 축열 비의 최적치 430%와 거의 일치하였다. 따라서 이론해석으로부터 구한 온도분포식과 대류열전달계수식의 유용성을 입증할 수 있었다.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2017

Intercoolers for multi-stage turbocharger of the hydrogen reciprocating engine for HALE UAV are installed for reducing the charged air inlet temperature of the engine. The intercooler is air to air, cross flow, plate-fin type and the fin configuration is offset-strip fin which is referenced from the heat exchanger of the ERAST. Most of HALE UAV's cruising altitude is 60,000 ft and the density of air for this altitude is very low compared to sea level. Therefore the required heat transfer area for the HALE UAV is about three-times bigger than the sea level. Consequently, it is essential to design to meet the required efficiency of intercooler in the range of not excessively growing the weight of the heat exchanger. The quasi-one dimensional heat transfer design/analysis for satisfying the requirement of the engine are written in this paper. The numerical analyses for estimating the coolant flow rate of the engine bay and pressure loss in the header and core are also summarized.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2009년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.810-814
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• 2009

A experimental study of a high efficiency transport refrigeration system for sliced-raw fish transportation is presented in this paper. The refrigeration system, that is powered by the car engine, is equipped with heat storage for reverse cycle-hot gas defrost; the stored heat is used during defrost cycle of the system. The heat storage has size $400(L){\times}350(W){\times}250(H)\;mm$ and made of fin-tube heat exchanger. System performance and container operating conditions are experimentally investigated and analyzed under cooling and defrosting conditions with heat storage materials. The water is faster about 30% than paraffin in cooling-down time of heat storage materials with load and unload.

• 동력기계공학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2000

Single-phase heat transfer performance and pressure drop for internally grooved tubes with angles were studied. Experiments were carried out in a counter flow heat exchanger with water as a working fluid. Two commercially available internally grooved tubes and smooth tube were tested. The internal diameter of the smooth tube was 16.5mm and the internal diameters of grooved tubes were 15.4mm, 14.9mm, 15.0mm, 16.7mm, respectively. Grooved angles in the tubes were $37^{\circ},\;43^{\circ},\;45^{\circ},\;50^{\circ}$, respectively. An experimental device to measure the friction factor and heat transfer coefficient was constructed. The experimental results were obtained for the fully developed turbulent flow of water in tube on the condition of uniform heat flux. As the increase of flow rate, Reynolds number, numbers of groove and grooved angle led to the increase of pressure drop. Also this paper showed that heat transfer rate increased with increasing numbers of groove and grooved angle. An empirical relation taken from this study represented most of the data within ${\pm}25%$.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.414-420
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• 2000

In this paper, evaporation heat transfer characteristics at a inner grooved tube were studied using a new natural refrigerants R-290, R-600a and HCFC refrigerant R-22. Experiments were performed in the inner tube with outside diameter of 12.70mm, having 75 fins with a fin height of 0.25mm. The following results were obtained from this research. On the evaporating heat transfer characteristics, the maximum increment of heat transfer coefficient was found in R-290. Average heat transfer coefficient was obtained the maximum value in R-290 and the minimum value in R-22. It reveals that the natural refrigerant can be used as a substitute for R-22. In the grooved inner tube, 70% of the increment of the heat transfer coefficient was obtained compared to the smooth tube. Comparing the heat transfer coefficient between experimental results and simulation data of other's, the Kandlikar's correlated equation was closely approximated to the author's experimental results in the smooth tube or grooved inner one.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2005

The performance of water-to-water heat pump system coupled with the ground source vertical heat exchanger is presented in this paper. The CAP program of Florida Heat Pump Co. is used to predict the heat pump performances while the EED program calculates the borehole fluid temperature. It is shown that COPH increases with decreasing the temperature of output water for the operation of heating mode and COPR increases with increasing temperature of output water for the operation of cooling mode. The value of specific heat extraction rate must be moderate to insure the reasonable installation cost of borehole system. With $1^{\circ}C$decrease of $T_{wo}$ the average COPH increase is estimated as about $0.06/^{\circ}C$(for $T_{wo}\;=\;45{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ range) while with $1^{\circ}C$ increase of $T_{wo}$ the estimation of COPR increase is about $0.13/^{\circ}C$(for $T_{wo}\;= \;5{\sim}11^{\circ}C$ range) at the specific heat extraction rate of 30W/m.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.1049-1061
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 현장타설 에너지파일의 열교환 파이프 배치 형태별 열교환율을 전산유체해석 프로그램(FLUENT)을 이용하여 평가하고, 이를 이용하여 에너지파일의 설계법을 제시하였다. 등가열교환율을 산정하기 위해 동일한 현장타설말뚝 제원에 대해 열교환파이프 배치 형태를 W-형(직렬), 복합 U-형(병렬 4쌍), 나선형의 3가지로 고려하였다. 건물측 부하조건은 여름철 냉방운용를 모사하기 위해 순환수의 에너지파일 유입온도, 즉 히트펌프 유출온도(Leaving water temperature, LWT)를 $35^{\circ}C$로 일정하게 유지하여 에너지파일 유출온도, 즉 히트펌프 유입온도(Entering water temperature, EWT) 변화를 관찰하였다. 지반에 최대 가상부하를 적용한 경우(100시간 연속 냉방부하 조건)에는 3가지 열교환기 형태가 유사한 열교환율을 보인 반면, 실제 히트펌프 가동에 의한 건물 냉방운용을 모사하기 위해 간헐적으로 일일 8시간 운용-16시간 정지를 7일간 반복 해석한 경우에는 W-형(직렬연결)과 복합 U-형(병렬 4쌍) 열교환기는 유사한 열교환율을 보이나, 나선형 열교환기는 파이프 루프 상호 간 열간섭으로 인해 복합 U-형 열교환기에 비해 약 86%의 열교환율을 갖는 것으로 평가되었다. 전산유체해석에 의해 계산된 열교환파이프 배치 형태별 에너지파일의 등가열교환율을 에너지파일 설계프로그램(PILESIM2)에 적용하여 다양한 형상의 현장타설 에너지파일에 대한 설계법과 대표적인 설계변수에 대한 설계도표를 제시하였다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.409-412
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• 2006

In process of reinforced concrete(RC) box structure, the heat of hydration may cause serious thermal cracking problems. In order to eliminate hydration heat of mass concrete, this paper reports results of hydration heat control in mass concrete using the OCHP(Oscillating Capillary tube Heat Pipe). Recently OCHP is drawn special attention from these points of low cost as well as short construction schedule for the manufacturing of heat exchanger, flexibility, simplification and high performance. There were three RC box molds$(1.2{\times}1.2{\times}1.2m)$ which shows a difference as compared with each other. One was not equipped with OCHP. While others were equipped with OCHP and these were cooled with air natural convection and spraying water respectively. The OCHP was composed of copper pipe with 12 turns(O.D : 4mm, I.D : 2.8mm). The working fluid was R-22 and its charging ratio was 30(Vol. %). In order to analyze the distribution of temperature and index figure of thermal crack in sequential placement of mass concrete, we used HYCON of computer program. As a result of the experiment, the peak temperature decreased about $15.6\sim23.4^{\circ}C$ than the general specimen and the probability of thermal crack generated in mass concrete decreased up to 0%.