• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.74-78
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to select suitable organic matter in To-jik nursery (self soil nursery) for complement To-jik nursery's defects that are deterioration of raw material by poor quality of seed ginseng and reduction of the quantity in seed ginseng production. Organic matter used were Yacto, rice bean, defatted rice bran, soybean cake and their mixture. As follows, bulk density in soil physical property by treating organic composts was the greatest in soybean cake and the next was followed by mix, Yacto, defatted rice bran, and rice bran treatment in order. Soil pore space ratio was totally the opposite; that was rice bran the first and followed by defatted rice bran, Yacto, mix and soybean cake treatment. The incidence rate of damping off by treating organic composts was 1.5% in both soybean cake and mix while the others was 1.0%. Emergence time was the same among treatment on April 16 and Emergence rate was the highest at 73% in Yacto. There was no significant differences among treatment in the growth of aboveground part but it was a little better in defatted rice bran treatment. In Yacto treatment, the growth of underground part, total root number per kan, rate of first grade ginseng seedling, and rate of usable ginseng seedling etc. were entirely higher but there was little differences. Using defatted rice bran was slightly lower in productivity compared to Yacto, but the possibility was high as a alternative for Yacto in a view of managing cost down.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 1996

Screening of anticoagulant activity was conducted for the hot water extracts of 73 kinds of medicinal herbs, 41 kinds of Korean edible plants, and 5 kinds of sea weeds using plasma recalcification test(Tr). In the first screening several extracts of the plants, Alisma calndiculatum, Corydalis ternata Panax notoginseng, Allium sativum, Ganderma luidum, Codium fragile, showed high activities. When the plants were reextracted with various solvent conditions, acidic water extracts of Codium fragile showed the highest activity in APTT. A crude polysaccharide fraction(CF-1) was prepared by methanol reflux, ethanol precipitation, dialysis and Iyophilization of the acid extracts. CF-1 comprised 80.8% total sugar consisting of arabinose, galactose and glucose as the main monomers, 8.7% protein, and 13.3% sulfate. The anticoagulant activity of CF-1 was not changed by pronase digestion, but decreased by periodate oxidation, and this indicated that the anticoagulant activity was attributed to the polysaccharide portion.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 1995

Weed control in the Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) garden is more difficult than in other crops because the ginseng is a perennial crop and has to be cultivated under the artificial shading. As hand weeding is the only practical means to control weed after crop establishment, a selective herbicide would greatly simplify the control of weed in ginseng garden. In an exploratory experiment, the hervicide Fluazifop-butyl was found to be selectively safe for the Korean ginseng plants. Various rates of Fluazifop-butyl were sprayed on 2-, 3-, and 4-years old ginseng plants as a foliar spray to detect crop injury and to difine their critical concentration. No apparent injury to the ginseng plant was noticable even the doubled application rate of Fluazifop-butyl the based on recommended dosage. Neither abnormal foliar change nor any inhibition in leaf and stem growth was resulted for 2-, 3-, and 4-years old ginseng plants treated with Fluazifop-butyl tripled the recommended usage. The foliar treatments of Fluazifop-butyl did not influence the photosynthesis ability but inhibited the respiration of the ginseng leaf.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1974.09a
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• pp.101-113
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• 1974

The radioactive compound sodium $acetate-U-C^{14}$ (C-14 acetate) was administered to two- and four-year-old July and September American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) plants and cuttings. The C-14 acetate uptake was approximately $99\%.$ The autoradiochromatograms suggest that the saponins(panaquilins) isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography contained impurities, especially those isolated from the leaf and stem extracts. The root and fruit methanol extracts yielded relatively pure saponins. The large amounts of panaquilin B and its proximity to panaquilin C on preparative thin-layer plates resulted in some admixing. The average concentration $(\%$ plant dry weight) of semipurified saponins were high in the leaves $(13.8\%),$ compared to fruits $(9.8\%),\;stems\;(7.9\%)\;and\;roots\;(6.3\%).$ The average percentage of C-14 acetate incorporation into panaquilins was $4.8\%.$ The average percentage of C-14 acetate incorporation into panaquilins B and C was higher $(1.40\%\;and\;1.13\%,$ respectively) than that into panaquilin C, (d), G-1 and G-2 $(0.75\%,\;0.65\%,\;0.13\%\;and\;0.53\%,$ respectively). Panaquilin synthesis may be depending upon the part collection period and age of the plant. The average percentage of C-14 acetate incorporation into panaquilin B is high in roots $(0.58\%)\;and\;stems\;(0.48\%);$ that into panaquilins C and (d) high in leaves $(0.40\%\;and\;0.45\%,$ respectively); and that into panaquilin E high in roots and leaves $(0.55\%\and\;0.50\%,$ respectively). Panaquilin G-2 was synthesized in all parts of plants. The panaquilins appear to be biosynthesized more actively in July than September (exception-panaquilin G-l). Panaquilins B, C and G-1 may be biosynthesized more actively in four-year-old plants and panaquilins (d) and E more actively in two-year-old plants. The results from expectance with cuttings suggest that the panaquilins are synthesized de novo in the above-ground parts of ginseng plants, and that panaquilin G-l may be synthesized de novo in the leaf. It is known from the tissue culture studies that panaquilins are produced by leaf, stem and root callus tissues and callus-root cultures of American and Korean ginseng plants. Panaquilins may actively be synthesized de novo in most any cell or organ of the ginseng plants. It was verified that C-14 acetate was incorporated into the panaxadiol portions of the panaquilins of two-year-old plants (sp. act., 0.56 $m{\mu}Ci/mg$) and four-year-old plants (sp. act., 0.54 $m{\mu}Ci/mg$).

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.59-59
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• 2018

Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng) is in the spotlight of Oriental medicine and is proclaimed as the king of medicinal plants owing to its adaptogenic characteristics. Ginseng root rot is a devastating disease caused by the fungus, Ilyonectria mors-panacis that generally attacks younger roots (~2 years), leading to defects in root quality, ginsenoside accumulation and also life cycle of the plant. Hence, there is an indispensable need to develop strategies resulting in tolerance against ginseng root rot. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of silica nanoparticles(N-SiO2) in Panax ginseng during I. mors-panacis infection. Long term analysis (30 dpi) revealed a striking 50% reduction in disease severity index upon 1mM and 2mM treatment of N-SiO2. However, N-SiO2 did not have any direct antifungal activity against I. mors-panacis. Membrane bound sugar efflux transporter, SWEET (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) was identified in ginseng and as expected, its expression was suppressed upon N-SiO2 treatment in the root rot pathosystem. Furthermore, the total and reducing sugars in the apoplastic fluid clearly revealed that N-SiO2 regulates sugar efflux into apoplast. In a nut shell, N-SiO2 administration induces transcriptional reprogramming in ginseng roots, leading to regulated sugar efflux into apoplast resulting in enhanced tolerance against I. mors-panacis.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.06a
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• pp.40-56
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• 1995

During the past two decades, China has seen her great progress in plant biotechnology. Since the Chinese market of herb medicine is huge, while the plant resources are shrinking, particular emphasis has been placed in plant tissue and cell cultures of medicinal plants, this includes fast propagation, protoplast isolation and regeneration, cell suspension cultures and large scale fermentation. To optimize culture conditions for producing secondary compounds in vitro, various media, additives and elicitors have been tested. Successful examples of large scale culture for the secondary metabolite biosynthesis are quite limited : Lithospermum ery throrhizon and Arnebia euchroma for shikonin derivatives, Panax ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolium for saponins, and a few other medicinal plants. Recent development of genetic transformation systems of plant cells offered a new approach to in vitro production of secondary compounds. Hairy root induction and cultures, by using Ri-plasmid, have been reported from a number of medicinal plant species, such as Artemisia annua that produces little artemisinin in normal cultured cells, and from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. In the coming five years, Chinese scientists will continue their work on large scale cell cultures of a few of selected plant species, including Taxus spp. and A. annua, for the production of secondary metabolites with medicinal interests, one or two groups of scientists will be engaged in molecular cloning of the key enzymes in plant secondary metabolism.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.11b
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• pp.15-15
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• 2002

In higher dicotyledonous plants, the floral organs are arranged in four different whorls, containing sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. petals, stamens and carpels. The specification of floral organ identity is explained by the ABC model (Weigel and Meyerowitz 1994). Expression of an A-function gene specifies sepal formation in whorl 1. the combination of A-and B-function genes specifies the formation of petals in whorl 2, B-and C-function genes spesify stamen formation in whorl 3, and expression of the C-function alone determines the formation of carpels in whorl 4. A-. B-, C-function genes have been isolated from many plant species and most of them belong to the family of MADS-box genes encoding transcription factor. In contrast to the flower of higher dicots, the perianths of genseng plants have three whorls of almost identical petaloid organs. van Tunen et al. (1993) proposed a modified ABC model, exemplified with tulip. In this model, B-function genes are expressed in whorl 1 as well as whorl 2 and 3, theefore the organs of whorl 1 and whorl 2 have the same petaloid structure. They proposed this model with the molphological data of wild type and mutant flowers of tulip, however, there are no molecular data.(중략)

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2005

cDNA for oxidosqualene cyclase was cloned by a homology-based PCR method and sequenced from Centella asiatica. In a sequences analysis, the putative polypeptide of C. asiatica cycloartenol synthase (CaCYS) deduced from the 2,274 bp nucleotide sequence, consisted of 758 amino acids and had a molecular mass of 86.3 kD. The predicted amino acid sequence exhibited high homology to that of PNX (cycloartenol synthase) from Panax ginseng ($89\%$). Southern blot analysis suggests that CaCYS may be present in one copy of the C. asiatica genome. If methyl jasmonate (MJ) is applied exogenously to plants, not only triterpene saponins are accumulated in tissues, but also it produces effects such as growth inhibition and the promotion of ethylene production. In order to investigate the effect of MJ and thidiazuron (TDZ), a cytokinin that plays a role as an antisenescence agent in several plants, on the level of CaCYS mRNA, we performed northern blot analysis. When MJ is alone treated by adding to culture medium, CaCYS transcripts were inhibited. However, sustained levels of the expression of CaCYS, by adding TDZ to the medium despite MJ treatments, were demonstrated in C. asiatica leaves.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 1989

The study has carried out to investigate the possibility of application of the emerged-peduncle at the 2 year -old plant for ginseng breeding. In the 2 and 3 year-old plant, growth habits of aerial parts of plants that had the inflorescence showed higher vigor in leaf length, number of leaves, rate of fruitage and fertility, and roots yield than those of non-inflorescence. Generally, characteristics such as stem diameter, stem length, leaf length and number of leaves showed highly significant positive-correlation with root weight and fruitage. The trends of characteristics of plant that has inflorescence at the 2 year-old plant was shown one-year faster pattern than the plant that has non-inflorescence. As these results, selection of the plants which have inflorescence at the 2 year-old plant will provide valuable aid for ginseng breeding.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.57-62
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• 1984

Four year old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) were grown in control and treated field plots in North Carolina, USA. Soil pH (4.4, 5.5, and 6.5), soil phosphate (19, 89 and 232 ppm) and mulch treatments (wheat straw, pine needle straw, poplar bark, oak bark, pine bark and hardwood leaves) were studied for their effects on total dry weight, total ginsenosides and 5 individual ginsenosides (A1, Rg1, Rd, Re, and Rb2). The leaf and root tissue were analyzed for ginsenosides by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The oak and poplar bark mulch treatments appeared to have the best effect upon the growth and production of roots while not significantly decreasing the ginsenoside content of the roots. The oak mulch showed a statistical increase in the ginsenoside content of the leaves.