• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제104권4호
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• pp.685-696
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• 2015

본 연구는 국립공원의 아름다운 풍경사진을 모집단으로 분류한 22개의 아름다운 산림풍경 유형을 유형별 사진의 매수 비율과 인문자원 유형의 제외 등을 통해 선발한 10개의 풍경유형에 대한 선호경향 도출과 이미지 분석을 위해 실시되었다. 풍경유형의 선호도 평가는 편차치(Z척도)와 일대비교법을 사용하였고, 풍경유형의 이미지 분석은 SD법을 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 편차치와 일대비교법에 의한 풍경유형의 선호도 평가 결과, 각 풍경유형의 요소 및 특성이 다름에도 불구하고 대체로 유사한 경향을 나타내어 평가 결과의 일관성을 확인할 수 있었다. 분석 결과, 임내풍경, 계곡과 바위와 같은 풍경에 대한 선호도가 높게 나타났고, 다음으로 능선 풍경, 기암봉우리의 암릉, 폭포와 절벽 풍경에 대한 선호도가 높았다. 한편 고사목 군락의 풍경은 가장 낮게 평가되었다. 둘째, SD법에 의한 풍경유형의 이미지 평가 결과, 요인 1 '신비로운 매력', 요인 2 '화려한 색감', 요인 3 '생동감 다양함'으로 구분되었다. 각 요인에 대한 풍경유형의 분포를 살펴보면 '신비로운 매력'의 이미지는 능선 풍경으로부터, '화려한 색감'의 이미지는 색으로 표현되는 계절감으로부터, '생동감 다양함'의 이미지는 물과 단풍, 기암봉우리의 동적이고 다양한 변화로부터 기인한 것으로 확인되었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.388-395
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• 1997

Maintaining the original canal path during instrumentation is a challenge in narrow curved canals. This study compared the maintenance of the original canal path of curved root canals during instrumentation with two kinds of stainless steel K-files(Brassler USA & Mani Japan), K-flexofiles(Maillefer Swiss) and Ni-Ti files(Brassler USA, Savannah, GA) using circumferential filing technique to # 40 MAF on 60 extracted human molars. Buccal and mesial canals with minimal initial curvature of 20 degrees were used. The maximal initial curvature was 41.5 degrees. Sixty curved canals divided into four groups according to file type(Group 1 : Ni-Ti file, Group 2 : K-flexofile, Group 3: K-file(Brassler), Group 4 : K-file(Mani)). Radiographs of canals were obtained before and after canal shaping. And postoperative radiographs were compared with preoperative radiographs using superimposition method. Data analysis was performed using Covariance analysis and paired-comparison test. The results observed were as follow ; 1. The angle of curvature was better maintained with Ni-Ti file than with stainless steel files. (p<0.01) 2. There was no significant difference in maintaining canal curvature between K-flexofile, Brassler$^{(R)}$ K-file and Mani$^{(R)}$ K-file, although there was some differences in mean values of postoperative canal curvature. 3. Paired-comparison t test revealed significant differences within each of the three stainless steel file types when comparing the mean differences before and after instrumentation, but no significant differences were observed within Ni-Ti file group.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.329-334
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• 2013

자동차 엔진을 포함한 구동계 및 흡배기계 소음의 특징은 차수 스펙트럼(order spectrum) 분석으로 파악할 수 있다. 기존의 선행 연구에서는 엔진의 1차 및 2차 점화주파수(firing frequency)와 관련된 차수성분이 차실내부 소음에 주요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 차수스펙트럼의 변환에 따른 차실내부 소음의 음질(쾌적감) 차이를 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 6실린더 및 4실린더 가솔린 엔진을 가진 승용차의 차실 내부 소음을 측정하고, 이 소음에 적응형 디지털 필터(adaptive digital filter)를 적용하여 차수레벨을 가감하는 방법으로 수정한다. 쌍비교법을 이용한 청음실험을 통하여 원음 및 편집음의 음질 정도를 평가하고, 음질 향상을 위한 차수스펙트럼 변화 방향을 제시한다. 결과적으로 반-차수(half-order) 성분의 차수레벨 감소가 차실내부 소음의 쾌적감 향상에 영향을 주는 반면, 점화차수 레벨의 감소가 항상 음질에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것은 아님을 파악하였다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.279-284
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• 1977

(가) 검시료수(檢試料數)가 방대하게 되면 관능검사에 장기간을 요하므로 파넬에 미치는 부담감과 권태 피로등의 효과(效果)때문에 실험결과에 오차(誤差)가 크게 발생할 우려가 있다. (나) 다수(多數)의 검시료(檢試料)일 경우 시험수(試驗數)를 축소시키는 반면에 검출력(檢出力)이 양호한 수법(手法)으로써 새로이 표준시험대(標準試驗對) 1대비교법(對比較法)을 고안(考案)적용한 결과 양호(良好)한 성과(成果)를 얻을 수 있었다. (다) 본수법(本手法)은 특(特)히 시료수(試料數)가 많을때 그중에서 $4{\sim}5$개를 우선 선발하는 Screening test로 활용(活用)할 수 있음을 알았다. (라) 본수법(本手法)으로 Screening한 검시료(檢試料)에 대해 3각(角) 1대비교법(對比較法)으로 정사(精査)하여 최종판단을 내리는 일련의 과정을 거치도록 하는 것이 연구실적인 품결연구에 있어서는 가장 능률적인 관능검사의 방법이라고 할수 있다.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2012

In previous study, to investigate the impression of the compound lighting based on the AC-Model at the full-size room, the impressions of various compound lighting were completed as compared with that of the uniform lightings through the comparison method (a paired comparison) by Semantic Differential scaling. Also, we examined the effect of the supplementary lighting type increasing the lights at the side of the window and the blind-control lighting type, and they were compared with the existing compound lighting type. In results, pared comparison of the compound lighting and the uniform lighting, indicates that the impression of the compound lighting is generally similar to that of the uniform lighting when there are same ratios of the light from the window. Based on these results, we suggest that the AC-Model might be applied to various conditions. And we also introduce the method for daylighting that it is possible to reduce discomfort glare and to improve visual impressions as the supplementary type and blind-control type on the compound lighting. And it was found that electric power consumption of the compound lighting room was lower than that of the uniform lighting room when as same lighting ratio of the compound lighting and the uniform lighting from the window was provided or there was the lighting distribution simulated to same light ratio from the window. Since the method of the ACModel was described in the experimental condition, additional studies should be performed to determine if this model could be applied to different window configurations, lighting layout and types of a room.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2008

Nowadays an HMM-based text-to-speech system (HTS) has been very widely studied because it needs less memory and low computation complexity and is suitable for embedded systems in comparison with a corpus-based unit concatenation text-to-speech one. It also has the advantage that voice characteristics and the speaking rate of the synthetic speech can be converted easily by modifying HMM parameters appropriately. We implemented an HMM-based Korean text-to-speech system using a small size Korean speech DB and proposes a method to increase the naturalness of the synthetic speech by controlling duration model parameters in the HMM-based Korean text-to speech system. We performed a paired comparison test to verify that theses techniques are effective. The test result with the preference scores of 73.8% has shown the improvement of the naturalness of the synthetic speech through controlling the duration model parameters.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.1362-1370
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of attaining a smoking cessation goal when an agreement on means to achieve smoking cessation among male college student smokers was established. Method: This study was planned as a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design and the sample was divided into an agreement group and a comparison group by convenience sampling in a college of G city. The data was analysed with SPSS Win10.0 using a Likelihood $x^2-test$, Odds ratio, Paired t-test and ANCOVA. Result: The theory that the degree of smoking cessation will be higher in the agreement group than the Comparison group was rejected (${\delta}$ = 2.567, p = .055). The theory that nicotine dependency will be lower in the agreement group than the comparison group was supported (F = 3.965, P = .049); however, the theory that the number of cigarettes smoked per day will be lower in the agreement group than the comparison group was rejected (F = 1.342, p = .252). Conclusion: It has been shown that an agreement on means to achieve smoking cessation goals is a key factor to success in quitting smoking.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2007년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1297-1301
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• 2007

The Conventional noise control attempts to simply reduce the level of product noise. But it is very straight forward way that we have consider human perception on noise. Since human listening is very sensitive to sound. Evaluation of the sound quality of a Vacuum Cleaner is studied base on human sensibility engineering. In this paper, we choose two Vacuum Cleaners that are sold in Korea and reduced noise control. Comparison Method is used to evaluate noise and preference of Vacuum Cleaner by steps. The sound quality of Vacuum Cleaner noise is analyzed by employing the subjective evaluation and by representing them in terms of the objective quantities. Semantic Differential Method is used to study sound quality Evaluation. To analyze the sound quality of Vacuum Cleaner noise, consider the coefficients of correlation between sound metrics and subjective rating. The linear regression models were obtained for the subjective evaluation and sound quality metrics.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.699-707
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to analyze the statistical errors of articles in the Journal of Korean Academy of Periodontology from 1973 to 1999. Of the 662 articles examined, 263 were included which analyzed the data. They were classified into 2 groups with time lapse; group 1: 1973∼1989, group 2: 1990∼1999. Authors made checklists for analyzing the data and detecting the errors and analyzed them with professional statistician. The results were as follows: 1. Of 263 atricles which applied statistical method, 40(19.3%) was in group 1, 223(49.0%) in group2. 2. In the number of statistical method applied, 170(64.6%) were analyzed with 1 statistical method, 73(27.8%) with 2 methods, 18(6.8%) with 3 methods, and 2(0.8%) with 4 methods 3. The number of statistical methods applied was 14, and they were applied in order of 119 of ANOVA, 72 of Student t-test, 63 of Paired t-test, 36 of CORRELATION, and 21 of Mann- Whitney U test. 4. In 87(33.1%) of 263 articles and in 18 error items, statistical errors were found out. In group I, 9 items (55%) of error were found out, and were in order of 5 of Student t-test instead of Paired t-test, and 4 of unnecessary statistical analysis. In group II, 16 items (29.1%) of error were found out, and were in order of 22 of Student t-test instead of Paired t-test, 7 of no multiple comparison test after ANOVA, 6 of Student t-test instead of ANOVA, 6 of unnecessary statistical analysis, and 5 of ANOVA instead of Paired t-test. In conclusion, the results noted that statistical analyses were increased, but statistical errors were decreased with time. But authors suggest that researchers should refer to standard statistical texts and seek advice from professional statisticians to avoid the statistical errors.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.105-130
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess the statistical methods errors used in the journal of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine(JORM) and to identify the types of errors in statistical analysis. Methods : We reviewed quantitative articles that were published in the JORM from January 2005 through October 2009. Those were not used by statistical analysis such as literature studies, case study, review articles were not included in this analysis. A total of 296 articles was reviewed. We evaluated the adequacy and the validity of the statistical techniques with our checklist established be modified Lee's checklist, and three statistical evaluators assessed together to minimize bias. Results : Of the 222 articles, 213 were used in inferential and descriptive statistics. Of those 80% of articles adopting descriptive and inferential statistics were detected having statistical errors. One articles used 1.7 statistical method unit generally. Most frequently employed statistics were student t-test, one way ANOVA. pearson correlation analysis, Mann-whitney U test, paired t-test, and chi-square test in their order. However, most frequent statistics having errors were similar in order. The most common statistic errors were as follow: 1. absence of normality test, 2. misuse between paired test and unpaired test, 3. wrong choice of repeated measures analysis without consideration of time variables, 4, increase of Type I error by using inappropriate multiple test, 5. inappropriate application of discrete or categorical data instead of continuous data in correlation analysis, 6. poor consideration of basic consumption in chi-square test, 7. confusion between frequency comparison and average comparison, 8. mentioning the statistical technique without using it. Conclusions : We found various mistake or misuses in the applications of statistical methodologies in the articles published in the JORM. Careful consideration of statistical use and review from the specialist of statistics are warranted for improving the quality of JORM.