• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2016

Background: Chronic back pain shows a high correlation with lumbar disability, physical disability for daily activities, and psychosocial factors, such as depression. Object: The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of the level of pain and disability with psychosocial factors, which are potential disturbance variables, in patients with chronic lumbar pain. Method: The sample included 258 patients, who had complained of chronic lumbar pain for more than three months. The Quadruple Visual Analogue Scale was used to measure the level of pain, and a Korean version of Oswestry Disability Index was used to measure the level of disability. Psychosocial factors were measured using the Tampa scale for Kinesiophobia-11, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using PASW 18.0, and an independent samples t-test was used to examine frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation of sociodemographic characteristics and major variables. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the correlation between the level of pain and disability and psychosocial factors. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was done to determine the level of pain and psychosocial factors of functional disorder. The significance level was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Result: There is a strong correlation between the level of pain and functional disorder and psychosocial factors in patients with chronic lumbar pain. The study also revealed that as the levels of pain and fear avoidance increase, pain self-efficacy decreases. Conclusion: The results suggest that negative perceptions towards pain, limitations of physical movement, and severe fear avoidance directly affect the decrease in pain self-efficacy. Therefore, it is recommended to test pain self-efficacy when measuring the level of pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.677-683
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• 2001

The object of this study is in the comparison of level of depression between patients with chronic low back pain & normal adult, of the relation between reduction of pain & level of depression and in the examination of the influence of traditional physical therapy against the reduction of pain & level of depression of the patients with chronic low back pain for the new recognition of psychological factors to the physical therapists as well as patients. This study was targeted for 40 patients with chronic low back pain who were diagnosed as lumbar sprain & herniated intervertebral disk and compared & analyzed how traditional physical therapy has an influence to their reduction of pain and level of depression by questioning with visual an analog scale of Beck's depression inventory & pain inventory to them. The results are as follows. 1. Traditional physical therapy has an effect in the reduction of pain of the patients with chronic low back pain. 2. Although traditional physical therapy relieved a little the level of depression of patients with chronic low back pain. there was no evident effect statistically. 3. In the relation between the reduction of pain and level of depression, level of depression also showed somewhat relief according to the reduction of pain and appeared that they have some relationship. However, it's degree was not big. 4. In the comparison of the level of depression between the normal adult and the patient with chronic low back pain, the level of depression of the patient with low back pain are high rather than that of normal adult.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

Background: Neck pain is a major health problem in developed countries and has a lifetime prevalence of 50%. Major problems include a reduced cervical range of motion, muscle stiffness, dysfunction, postural changes, and decrease in psychosocial level. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effects of applying the upper trapezius inhibition dynamic taping to patients with chronic neck pain on their neck pain, functional level, cervical range of motion, psychosocial level, and neck posture. Methods: The study design was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 40 patients with neck pain participated in this study and were randomly assigned to a Dynamic Taping group (n = 20) or Sham Taping group (n = 20). In both groups, basic intervention cervical pain control therapy and shoulder stabilization exercise program were performed. In addition, dynamic taping and sham taping were applied to participants in the Dynamic Taping and Sham Taping groups to inhibit the trapezius muscle, respectively. All interventions were performed three times a week and a total of 12 times for 4 weeks, and the participants' neck pain, functional impairment level, cervical range of motion, psychosocial level, and neck posture were measured and compared before and after the intervention. Results: Both groups showed significant differences in neck pain, functional level, cervical range of motion, psychosocial level, and neck postural before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). Moreover, there were significant differences between the two groups regarding the functional level and neck posture (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Inhibition dynamic taping of the upper trapezius muscle suppression is an effective method with clinical significance in reducing pain in individuals with chronic neck pain and improving the functional level, cervical range of motion, psychosocial level, and neck posture.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.189-198
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was done to identify the relationship between the level of pain and depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The subjects for this study were 222 patients registered in H University Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Center, and the period of data collection was from July 20, 2000 to August 30, 2000. The research instruments used in this study were the Graphic Rating Scale of Pain and the CES-D for depression. The cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of the CBS-D scale was .89. Data analysis, was done by the SPSSWIN 10.0 program using descriptive statistics. The results are as follows. 1) The total pain score ranged from 0 to 147 with a mean score for pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of 72.64. 2) The total depression score ranged from 20 to 72 with a mean score of 39.86. 3) There was a significant difference in pain according to sex(F=5.26, p<.05) and education level (F = 3.59, p<.05). 4) There was a significant difference in depression scores according to sex (F=7 76, p<.05) and education level (F=3.02, p<.05). 5) The level of pain had a significant correlation with the level of education level(r=-.174, p<.01). The level of depression was significant correlation with the level of pain (r=.237. p<.01).

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.183-192
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical effects of low level laser therapy on shoulder pain. Methods : From October 1, 2009 to November 14, 2009, we applied 15 participants who consented to an assignment had a shoulder pain to low level laser therapy(LLLT). We treated LLLT 8 times on both upper trapezius, levator scapular, pectoralis, suboccipital, rhomboid, rotator cuff tender point for 2 weeks. To evaluate the efficiency of low level laser therapy, we used questionnaire of shoulder pain symptom, questionnaire of a day living discomfort scale, shoulder pain and disability index(SPADI) and pressure pain threshold(PPT) at before treatment and after treatment 4 times and 8 times. Results : There was a significant difference in questionnaire of shoulder pain symptom, questionnaire of a day living discomfort scale, SPADI and PPT after 8th treatment. Conclusions : Low level laser therapy for shoulder pain is effective to improve patients' symptoms measured with questionnaire of pain and a day living discomfort score, SPADI and PPT significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Purpose : This study is to investigate the modulatory effects to the ultraviolet induced erythema of pain processing system. Methods : Thirty six healthy volunteers were divided into none treatment group (n=6), indomethacine group (n=6), subsensory level electrical stimulation group (n=6), sensory level electrical stimulation group (n=6), motor level electrical stimulation group (n=6), noxious level electrical stimulation group (n=6). Subjects were induced erythema for three times minimal erythema dose (MED) at upper arm of dermatome C6 level. Each experimental group had mechanical pain threshold (MPT), electrical pain threshold (EPT), thermal pain threshold (TPT). Results : This study revealed that we observed that pain thresholds were significantly correlated with each other in pain processing system. The effect of electrical stimulation levels evaluates were shown to be significant differences pain control effect in electrical stimulation group (sensory, motor level electrical stimulation groups) more than indomethacine group, subsensory level and control group. Conclusion : In this study, it was found that the effect of ultraviolet induced erythema of pain control by modulatory electrical stimulation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

Purpose: Besides depression and anxiety, recently pain catastrophizing has been emphasized for an important psychological factor explaining pain response in various pain conditions including temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). The aims of this study were to evaluate pain catastrophizing of TMD patients and to investigate how the level of pain catastrophizing related with clinical variables and psychometric morbidity. Methods: Inclusion criterion was all new TMD patients ${\geq}18$ years old attending the Department of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine of Dankook University Dental Hospital (Cheonan, Korea) over three-month period in 2014, who completed questionnaires. The questionnaires included the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Symptom Check List- 90-Revised (SCL-90-R). All of them were examined clinically and diagnosed. Results: One hundred fifty five patients diagnosed as TMDs were participated in this study (mean age of $38.7{\pm}15.2$ years, male:female=1:2.5). Mean PCS score of the patients was 17.3 with standard deviation of 12.6. By the median of the PCS score (i.e., 15), the subjects were categorized into the high (${\geq}15$) and low catastrophizers (<15). Increased pain severity and interference and increased score of psychological features of SCL-90-R were found in the TMD patients with higher level of catastrophizing (p<0.001) and there was weak to moderate correlation between those factors (p<0.05). Difference in catastrophizing level was not found for other variables such as age, gender, duration of pain, education level and types of TMDs. Conclusions: Conclusively, pain catastrophizing of TMD patients relates positively to pain severity and pain interference. In addition to depression and anxiety, pain catastrophizing is positively correlated with variable other psychological morbidity such as somatization, obsessive- compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism. Types of TMD diagnosis do not seem to affect catastrophizing level. The results of this study suggest that pain catastrophizing should be emphasized and assessed in the TMD patients.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.150-154
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• 1998

Epidural steroid injection have become one of the most frequently applied conservative option for the management of acute and chronic back pain. As the indications for epidural steroid injections increase so do the adverse responses associated with this procedure. This study reports the succession of 3 patients who developed galactorrhea and hyperprolactinemia after recieving an epidural steroid injection for lumbar radiculopathy and low back pain. Serum prolactin level was elevated in accordance with epidural injection of corticosteroid. We measured the serum prolactin level by immunoradiometric assay method and peak serum prolactin level at above 500, 144.2, 150.3 ng/ml respectively. Also we found the serum prolactin level decreased to normal values 3 wks after corticosteroid injection. Galactorrhra ceased in advance of decrease of serum prolactin level. That "Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea can occur following epidural steroid injection", requires a much larger prospective investigation.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.77-80
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• 2006

Background: Painful experiences during procedures such as prolotherapy and intramuscular stimulation are stressful to patients and can affect the treatment outcome. We present a method for relieving pain and increasing the level of patient comfort during the procedure. Methods: Twenty six patients who requested sedation anesthesia during the procedure were examined. All patients were injected with 500 ml of 0.9% normal saline and were monitored by electrocardiography, blood pressure and pulse oximetry. The patients were supplied with oxygen (3 L/min) through a nasal cannula. Midazolam (0.02 mg/kg) and alfentanil ($8{\mu}g/kg$) was injected before the procedure and a bolus injection was administered during the procedure if patients felt any pain. The duration of the procedure, the total amount of drugs, the changes in the systolic blood pressure, heart rate, pulse oxygen saturation, sedation and pain level during procedure, satisfaction scale after the procedure, complications and the incidence of amnesia were evaluated. Results: Twenty one patients had a moderate level of sedation, 15 patients did not feel any pain during the procedure, 17 patients had high level of satisfaction (8-10). No patient experienced complications after the procedure, or unstable vital signs, and 6 patients could not remember the procedure. Conclusions: Sedation anesthesia is a safe method for relieving pain during the procedure, and most patients had a high level of satisfaction.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the level of pain and fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Method: The subjects for this study were 120 patients registered in S University Hospital, and the period of data collection was from June 20, 2005 to October 15, 2005. Results: The research instruments used in this study were the Graphic Rating Scale of Pain and Fatigue, and the cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of Fatigue scale was .90. In data analysis, SPSSWIN 12.0 program was used for descriptive statistics. The results were as follows. 1) The range of total pain scores was from 10 to 100 and the mean score of the pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients was 53.70. 2) The range of total fatigue scores was from 20 to 58 and the mean score of the fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis patients was 36.04. 3) There was a significant difference in pain according to duration of disease(F=3.934, p<.05). 4) There was a significant difference in fatigue according to duration of disease(F=3.442, p<.05). 5) The level of fatigue was significant correlation with the level of pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients(r=.217, p<.01). Conclusion: The level of fatigue was significant correlation with the level of pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Therefore nursing interventions decreasing the pain perceived by rheumatoid arthritis patients are needed to decrease there fatigue levels.