• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2015

Background: The word "geop" is a unique Korean term commonly used to describe fright, fear and anxiety, and similar concepts. The purpose of this pilot study is to examine the correlation between the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score of geop and three different questionnaires on pain perception. Methods: Patients aged 20 to 70 years who visited our outpatient pain clinics were evaluated. They were requested to rate the NRS score (range: 0-100) if they felt geop. Next, they completed questionnaires on pain perception, in this case the Korean version of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS). The correlations among each variable were evaluated by statistical analyses. Results: There was no statistically significant correlation between the NRS score of geop and the PSQ score (r = 0.075, P = 0.5605). The NRS score of geop showed a significant correlation with the PCS total score (r = 0.346, P = 0.0063). Among the sub-scales, Rumination (r = 0.338, P = 0.0077) and Magnification (r = 0.343, P = 0.0069) were correlated with the NRS score of geop. In addition, the NRS score of geop showed a significant correlation with the PASS total score (r = 0.475, P = 0.0001). The cognitive (r = 0.473, P = 0.0002) and fear factors (r = 0.349, P = 0.0063) also showed significant correlations with the NRS score of geop. Conclusions: This study marks the first attempt to introduce the concept of "geop". The NRS score of geop showed a moderate positive correlation with the total PCS and PASS score. However, further investigations are required before the "geop" concept can be used practically in clinical fields.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.276-285
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• 2016

Objectives The purpose of this case was to report significant improvement of abdominal pain, constipation and a slight improvement of tremor after treatment by Sasang Constitutional Medicine to the patient with Parkinson's disease.Methods The patient was diagnosed as Soyangin according to the result of Sasang constitutional diagnosis, and treated by Sasang constitutional medications and acupuncture. The progress was evaluated with the Global Assessment Scale (GAS).Results The abdominal pain was reduced from Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)9 to NRS1 and headache was reduced from NRS5 to NRS3. The tremor was reduced to GAS 10. Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was reduced from 40 to 27. The difference of heat distribution between left and right side was reduced and the abdomen was more warmer on Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI).Conclusions Sasang constitutional medicine can be a solution for the non motor symptoms caused by Parkinson's disease.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.345-355
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of external vibrating devices and counterstimulation on a child's dental anxiety, apprehension, and pain perception during local anesthetic administration. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, parallel-arm, single-blinded interventional, clinical trial. One hundred children aged 4-11 years, requiring pulp therapy or extraction under local anesthesia (LA), were recruited and allocated equally into two groups (1:1) based on the interventions used: Group BD (n = 50) received vibration using a Buzzy^® device {MMJ Labs, Atlanta, GE, USA} as a behavior guidance technique; Group CS (n = 50) received counterstimulation for the same technique. Anxiety levels [Venham's Clinical Anxiety Rating Scale (VCARS), Venham Picture Test (VPT), Pulse oximeter {Gibson, Fingertip Pulse Oximeter}, Beijing, China)] were assessed before, during, and after LA administration, while pain perception [Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)] was evaluated immediately after injection. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test to assess the mean difference between the two groups and the repeated measures ANOVA for testing the mean difference in the pulse rates. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Significant differences in mean pulse rate values were observed in both groups. In contrast, the children in the BD group had higher diminution (P < 0.05), whereas the mean VCARS and VPT scores were conspicuous (P < 0.05). Based on the mean WBFPS and VAS scores, delayed pain perception after LA injection was more prominent in the BD group than in the CS group. Conclusion: External vibration using a Buzzy^® device is comparatively better than counterstimulation in alleviating needle-associated anxiety in children requiring extraction and pulpectomy.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.73-84
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks-walking exercise with functional shoes on chronic low back pain. Methods : The subjects of this study were 18 females from thirty to sixty years old who had suffered from low back pain over 12 weeks. They wore S shoes with curved out-sole and soft material in arch of foot We asked them to walk wearing shoes for 1 hour a day over 4 days a week for 12 weeks. Improvement of the symptoms was evaluated by pain rating scale, Oswestry low-back pain disability index. We measured lumbar lordotic angle, Ferguson's angle, bone mineral density, body composition. The measurements were checked before and after exercise. Results : This study showed significant improvement in pain rating scale, oswestry low-back pain disability index, and body composition. And lumbar lordotic angle, Ferguson's angle and bone mineral density decreased. Conclusions : These results showed that walking exercise with functional shoes could decrease the symptoms of chronic low back pain. But, it's too difficult to conclude whether the efficacy was due to functional shoes or walking exercise because we didn't set the control group wearing general shoes.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to report the effectiveness of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation for postoperative patients. We analyzed electronic medical records of the 45 postoperative patients who were admitted to the department of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation from January 1st, 2014 to November 30th, 2016. And the effect of the treatments was measured with numeric rating scale (NRS). Pain reduced from 10 at the time of admission to $6.49{\pm}0.38$ ($mean{\pm}SE$) at the time of discharge. And the patients who took medication to relieve pain were not significantly different compared the patients treated Korean Medicine Rehabilitation alone. We can effectively use Korean Medicine Rehabilitation for postoperative pain management. Further studies are needed to prove effect and safety.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.6 no.12
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• pp.226-234
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• 2006

The aim of this study were to evaluate the effect of kinesio taping on isokinetic muscular function and pain of knee joint. The subjects for this study were twelve elderly women($65{\sim}70$years) suffered by knee joint pain over more than three years. The taping methods performed on 3 times a week for 8 weeks for improvement of isokinetic muscular function. Also, the change of visual analogue scale(VSA) and varval rating scale(VRA) has been measured before and post taping 8 weeks. Paired t-test was performed for data analysis at the 0.05 level of significance. After 8 weeks, the results of the study are as follow; First, peak torque, peak torque % BW, total work and ipsilateral balance ratio were significantly improved. And, work fatigue, visual analogue scale and verval rating scale were decreased significantly after 8 weeks taping. The results suggest that applying kinesio taping on knee joint may improve isokinetic muscular function of elderly women. Therefore kinesio taping method was effective for pain relief and prevention of knee joint pain in the elderly women.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.369-375
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was the examination of the correlations between the daily physical pain intensity (DPPI) scale and the numeric rating scale (NRS), and between the DPPI scale and the quality of life (QOL) of short form health survey (SF-36) and beck depression inventory (BDI) questionnaires. The focus of the DPPI scale was the daily-living activities of the individual, and the scale contains three items regarding the pain per movement range, the pain per day, and the pain when touching the pain area. Methods: A total of 241 adults answered the DPPI, NRS, SF-36, and BDI questionnaires. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for the various relations of the DPPI to the other scales. Results: High correlations were shown between the NRS and the DPPI (r=0.809, p<0.05). The DPPI scale (r=0.437, p<0.05) showed "moderate" significant correlations with the SF-36 and the NRS (r=0.370, p<0.05), and it showed "weak" significant correlations with the SF-36. There are no statistically significant correlations between the DPPI, the NRS score, and the BDI score (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study was the first attempt to establish the concurrent validity of a new focus on daily-living activities for the assessment of pain. This study showed promise for the development of activities of daily living focused tool for an assessment of the subjective pain in patients that was more objective.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.653-664
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• 2001

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was the sensation of discomfort and stiffness in the muscle, often after taking part in unaccustomed physical activity. No universally accepted treatment exist. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of cryotherapy and intermittent compression on the delayed onset muscle soreness. Flexion elbow joint position and extension(Universal Goniometer). pain(Muscle Soreness Rating Scale) and mechanical pain threshold(Algometer) were measured before 30minutes DOMS was induced.The data were analyzed by measure of Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The result were as follow; 1. There were no significantly differences between groups or over time in relation to range of motion. 2. Muscle Soreness Rating was significantly high in cryotherapy and intermittent compression at 48, 72 hours after DOMS was induced(p<.05). 3. Mechanical pain threshold begin to increased at 24 hours and significantly in cryotherapy and intermittent compression groups at 48, 72 hours after DOMS was induced(p>.05). 4. A negative Correlation between muscle soreness rating scale and mechanical Pain threshold graphs at 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise indicated in cryotherapy and intermittent compression groups.

• Journal of Oriental Medical Thermology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to know the therapeutic effect of herbal-acupuncture on shoulder pain from calcific tendinitis. Methods : The patient who have the calcific tendinitis was treated by herbal-acupunture on 6 acupoints around right shoulder. The shoulder pain and dysfunction was assessed by visual analogue scale(VAS). UCLA Shoulder rating Scale. and SPAI scale. Results : After treatment. all scales showed slightly improvement.. Conclusion : Herbal-acupuncture on shoulder joint was effective in short term study. We need more further study.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.213-222
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Gyejigabuja-tang on a menopausal female patient complained of excessive sweating after bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO). Methods: We studied one menopausal female patient complained of excessive sweating who visited OO University Hospital from 10th July 2013 to 23th July 2013. We only treated her with Gyejigabuja-tang. The climacteric symptoms of the patient had been estimated with Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Results: After treatment, climacteric symptoms were improved and the score of MRS was reduced from 20 to 10 during 12days. NRS score of sweating was reduced from 10 to 2. NRS scores of fatigue, hot flush, thirst, anorexia, dyspepsia, back pain and cramp of calves also reduced after treatment. Conclusions: This study suggests that Gyejigabuja-tang significantly reduced the climacteric symptoms of patient.