• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.6-15
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate non-invasive behavioral pain assessment of dogs after surgery, and the analgesic effects of butorphanol after intestinal anastomosis in dogs. In this study, five dogs in the Control Group were anesthetized, but did not undergo surgery. Five dogs in the Analgesic Group were undergone intestinal anastomosis and treated with butorphanol. Five dogs in the Non-analgesic Group were also undergone intestinal anastomosis without analgesic treatment. The dogs in the Analgesic Group received butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg, IM) before and immediately after operation, while dogs in Control and Non-analgesic Groups received isovolumetric doses of sterile saline. The behavior of dogs were videotaped for 400 mins after anesthesia, during which time a researcher interacted with the dog once per each 80 mins. At each interaction, the researcher recorded behavioral pain score, using University of Melbourne Pain Scale. Interactive and non-interactive behaviors were observed and quantitated by a single observer using focal continuous sampling method. Vocalizations were obtained during 400 mins after anesthesia, and duration of call, intensity, pitch, 1-4 Formant were analyzed. Surgery affected an increasing of pain score. During interactions with researcher, greeting behaviors were decreased after surgery. Differences between Analgesic group given analgesic or that given a placebo drug were readily understood using quantitative behavioral measurements and vocalization. Significant difference between Analgesic group given butorphanol or that the given placebo drug was apparent(p< 0.05).

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.535-551
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• 2007

Objectives: This study was conducted to know dental service and fear after research on reliability on dentists and satisfaction on dental hygienists. Methods: This study was conducted by the 325 persons who had the experience of visiting dental medical institution. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 12.0 with T-test, ANOVA and correlation. The obtained results were as follows: Results: 1. Internal consistency of Dental Beliefs Survey(DBS) and dental hygienists satisfaction questionnaire factors were 0.758~0.908(Cronbach' alpha). And the Cronbach' alpha's coefficients of the all subscales were more than 0.6. So high reliability and validity were identified. 2. As result of analysing fear from general feature, the men feel more fear than women and more fear was felt in the case of having worse teeth status. Fear was higher in case of visiting to dental clinic than in case of visiting dental clinic for precaution. And that was statistically related. 3. Dental fear was higher in the case of having the past pain experience, insufficient anesthesia experience, experience of seeing other persons pain and this was statistically related(P<0.01)(P<0.05). 4. Average of reliability on dentists was 37.9, person who has high reliability was 81.8%, person who has low reliability was 18.2%, average of satisfaction on dental hygienists was 31.5%(Satisfaction on dental hygienists was 51.1% and dissatisfaction on dental hygienists was 48.9%). 5. Higher dentists reliability and satisfaction on dental hygienists has lower fear considering general feature and dental clinic use behavior but person who has the dental clinic to go regularly has higher dentists reliability and satisfaction on dental hygienists where, however, fear was not low. 6. As result of analyzing correlation between dental service and dental clinic use behavior, satisfaction on dental hygienists was negatively related to reliability on dentists and fear. And, reliability on dentists was positively related to fear, pain experience in dental clinic, incomplete anesthesia experience, near person pain experience(experience on seeing person in pain), which were statistically related(p<0.01). Conclusions: In relation to general features and reliability on dentists and satisfaction on dental hygienists caused by dental clinic use behavior, dental fear was decreased when reliability and satisfaction are higher. Group with low dental fear had higher reliability on dentists and satisfaction on dental hygienists than group with high dental fear but only reliability on dentists was statistically related(p<0.05).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.122-127
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• 2011

A 5-year old, intact male, Cocker spaniel dog was referred with paraplegia and loss of deep pain perception. Physical, neurological examinations, radiography, and computed tomography were evaluated. Based on the clinical examinations, the dog was diagnosed with severe disc herniation ($L_2$ to $L_3$ intervertebral disc space). On the next day of presentation (6 days after loss of deep pain perception), hemilaminectomy was performed. After decompression of spinal cord and removal of herniated disc materials, $1{\times}10^6$ canine allogenic adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) diluted by $50{\mu}l$ saline were directly applied to the injured site of the spinal cord. Ten weeks of follow-up after surgery, full recovery of deep pain perception and motor function were evaluated in both hind limbs. Based on the result, we suggest that the transplantation of allogenic adipose tissue-derived MSCs to dogs with spinal cord injuries could be a considerable method to expect better clinical outcomes in veterinary practice.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.431-451
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• 2000

In this paper, I will examine the variables influencing the Quality of Life of arthritis patients and present basic materials which help arthritis patients have positive thinking in life and ultimately lead a satisfactory life. The subjects for this study are 231 inpatients and outpatients with arthritis living in J and K city in Chonbug Province. For the analysis of collected data I employed the SAS program. The variables for characteristics and the quality of life were analysed by descriptive statistics, T-test and ANOVA, and the relations among variables were analysed through Pearson Correlation; the Regression method was employed to predict the factors affecting quality of life. For the validity of reliance on measuring equipment Cronbach Alpha was used. The results of the study are as follows : (1) The mean score of quality of life of arthritis patients is 3.09(5 in the maximum). The general characteristics which affect the quality of life are age(F=5.13, p=0.0006), standard of education(F=6.49, p=0.0003), marriage status(F=7.77, p=0.0005), monthly pay(F=4.37, p=0.0020), medical benefits (F=4.85, p=0.0087), and supports(F=4.39, p=0.0050). For the disease-related characteristics, there is a significant difference in the 6 items: pain control method(F=5.92, p= 0.0002), physical therapy(F=3.25, p=0.013), whethere or not patients exercise(F=4.62, p=0.0000), regularity of exercise(F=4.79, p=0.0000), frequency of exercise(F=6.29, p=0.0001), and amount of exercise(F=4.62, p=0.0043). Depending on the type of arthritis, there is also a significant difference in the degree of pain felt. The patients with infectious arthritis suffer from pain the most, followed by those with gout, rheumatism and degenerative arthritis, in that order. Although statistics don't show any convincing evidence, those with gout perceive that they are in best health condition, followed by those with rheumatism, degenerative arthritis, and infectious arthritis, in that order(F=2.23, p=0.0669). (2) The quality of life of arthritis patients is correlated positively with perceived health status(r=0.56, p=0.0001), health promoting behavior(r=0.53, p=0.0001), family support (r=0.46, p=0.0001), amount of exercise (r=0.36, p=0.0001), ADL(r=0.36, p=0.0001), HLOC(r=0.32, p=0.0001), frequency of exercise(r=0.32, p=0.0001)in that order, while correlated negatively with the degree of pain felt(r=-0.32, p=0.0001), the number of pain regions(r=-0.19, p= 0.0041), and the duration of pain(r=-0.14, p=0.0279). (3) Regression analysis reveals that the most powerful predictor of the quality of life is perceived health status, which account for 31.11%. The other predictors of the quality of life, which account for 60.22%, are health promoting behavior(16.51%), family support(3.81%), ADL(2.52%), gender(1.86%), the number of family members(1.36%), level of pain(1.24%), duration of pain (1.08%), and level of education(0.67%). The results of the study show that perceived health status and health promoting behavior are the two most important variables. However, considering that the perceived health condition is difficult to control by nursing intervention, it is suggested that the level of expectation for patients, must be decided first, and the health promoting behavior and the family support influencing the quality of life must be taken into account as targets for nursing intervention. As a way of controlling the quality of life, I think that a more comprehensive approach comprising the above important variables along with demographic and general characteristics is needed. I also suggest that we must continue to explore the variables affecting the quality of life and include those variables in nursing intervention.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.847-856
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• 2000

Parents are primary care taker for the children and have an important role for the assessment and managent of children's pain following surgery. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and clinical utilization of the Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents (PPMP) developed by Chambers et al. Subjects were 52 children aged 4-12 years admitted for tonsillectomy and other minor surgery and their mothers. Faces Pain Scale, State Anxiety, and Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents were used. The data were collected by two research assistant on the operation day and 1st day after surgery at hospital during the period of July 20 to August 28, 1998. The results are as follows: 1. Eta correlation coefficient between 15 items of PPMP and child rated pain were calculated. Correlation coefficients were more than .2 for both day. 2. Internal consistency for PPMP were .82 and .83. 3. The scores of the PPMP were 10.73 (SD=3.71) and 9.27(SD=4.07) on the operation day and 1st day after surgery and there was no significant difference between two days(p=.056) On the other hand, there was a significant difference on the child rated pain by Faces Pain Scale between operation day and 1st day after surgery(p=.001). 4. The correlation(Spearman Rho) between PPMP and child rated pain were .40(p=.003) and .56(p=.000). The score of the PPMP and the children's state anxiety were highly correlated on the operation day and 1st day after surgery (.60, .52, p=.000). 5. Partial correlation between PPMP and child rated pain except state anxiety were .18(p=.23) and .48(p=.001) on the opration day and 1st day after surgery. 6. Using a cut-off score 10 out of 15, the measure showed excellent sensitivity (>80%) and moderate specificity (46.15%, 60% ). This study provides preliminary evidence for the use of the PPMP as a valid pain assessment tool with children between the ages of 4-12 years following surgery. It is suggested to explore the validity with a different subjects with other surgery and to examine the validity for infant and younger children.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.205-206
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• 2009

To clarify the distinction between three difference acupoints, the effects of acupuncture on a behavioral performance were evaluated following formalin test. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Each rat received a manual acupuncture at ST36 (zusanli), SP9 (yinlingquan) or BL60 (kunlun) acupoint before formalin injection. The flinching and licking responses were counted by two blinder investigators. The pretreatment of BL60 acupoint was showed significantly inhibition in flinch behavior as compared with control group. These results suggest that acupuncture at BL60 acupuncture may be effective in relieving inflammatory pain.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.441-452
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• 2012

Most of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder(TMD) is temporary and self-limiting as other musculoskeletal diseases. Conservative, reversible treatment; self care, behavior modification, physical therapy, pharmacotherapy, splint therapy should be considered as initial treatment for temporomandibular disorder rather than non conservative, irreversible treatment.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.107-108
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• 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the use of machines to mimic intelligent human behavior. It involves interactions with humans in clinical settings, and augmented intelligence is considered as a cognitive extension of AI. The importance of AI in healthcare and medicine has been emphasized in recent studies. Machine learning models, such as genetic algorithms, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and fuzzy logic, can learn and examine data to execute various functions. Among them, ANN is the most popular model for diagnosis based on image data. AI is rapidly becoming an adjunct to healthcare professionals and is expected to be human-independent in the near future. The introduction of AI to the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases worldwide remains in the preliminary stage. AI-based or assisted diagnosis and decision-making will increase the accuracy of the diagnosis and render treatment more precise and personalized. Therefore, dental professionals must actively initiate and lead the development of AI, even if they are unfamiliar with it.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2005

Background: Serotonin 3 receptor is involved in the modulation of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. The serotonin 3 receptor antagonist has been used for the management of opioid-induced nausea and vomiting. The aim of this study was to examine whether the analgesic effect of morphine is antagonized by serotonin 3 receptor antagonists at the spinal level. Methods: Rats were implanted with lumbar intrathecal catheters. For nociception, a formalin solution (5%, $50{\mu}l$) was injected into the hind paw of male Sprague-Dawley rats. To determine whether the effect of intrathecal morphine was mediated via serotonin 3 receptors, serotonin 3 receptor antagonists were intrathecally administered 10 min prior to the morphine delivery. Following the formalin injection, formalin-induced nociceptive behavior (flinching response) was observed for 60 min. Results: Intrathecal morphine produced a dose-dependent suppression of the flinches in both phases during the formalin test. The analgesic action of morphine was not reversed by serotonin 3 receptor antagonists (LY-278,584, ondansetron), which had little per se effect on the formalin-induced nociception. Conclusions: Spinal serotonin 3 receptors may not be involved in the analgesia of morphine on a nociceptive state evoked by a formalin stimulus.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2001

The ability of neonates to perceive and react to pain, has been acknowledged recently. Recent researches have been shown that even short term pain can have lasting negative effects. We know that most of the anatomical pathway and neurotrans-mitter function necessary for pain perception are fully or nearly fully developed in the neonatal period. Many people are still reluctant to believe that pain felt by neonates may be as severe as that felt by older children or adults yet. The objective of the study is to assess and compare the analgesic effects of orally administered sucrose and pacifiers. And to determine the synergistic analgesic effects of sucrose and pacifiers. The tools for this study is Lawrence's NIPS (neonatal infant pain scale) with behavioural pain responses and index for pain physiological reponses as heart rate, respiratory rate and degree of SaO₂. The participants are 96 healthy infants of neonatal age 1-7days and randomised to receive heel prick before 2minutes to blood sampling and physiological test in Nursery of K Medical University Hospital on May-July, 2000. The experimental group assigned to one of three treatment groups : no treatment; a pacifier; placebo(2ml 25％ sucrose). Collected data were analyzed with the SAS program using X²-test, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test as post hoc. The results were as follows. 1) Pain behaviour responses: The pain score of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is lower than no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000). Placebo group is different from no treatment and pacifier group with Duncan's multiple range test. 2) Pain physiologic responses (1) heart rate: The heart rate of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group significantly(P=.000). The heart rate change of placebo group is less than the other groups. (2) respiratory rate: The respiratory rate of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.2340). But, the respiratory rate of placebo group is lower than the other groups. (3) SaO₂: The SaO₂ score of placebo group(2ml 25％ sucrose) is different from that of no treatment group and pacifier group insignificantly (P=.3265). But, the change of SaO₂ score of placebo group is less than the other groups. In conclusion, the sucrose placebo showed pain relief effect in behavior responses and less physiological responses. Accordingly, the sucrose placebo should be applied nursing intervention for simple pain management as heel prick.